Question Discussion & Solution

The correct answer is Gigahertz.

Key Points

• The speed of the CPU is measured in Gigahertz.
  • A central processing unit or CPU enables your computer to interact with all of the applications and installed programmes.
  • CPU interprets the program’s instructions and creates the output that is the interface.
  • The performance of the CPU has a major effect on the speed at which programs run.
  • Clock speed (also “clock rate” or “frequency”) is an important attribute to measure the performance of a processor. 
  • A higher clock speed means a faster CPU.  
  • The CPU processes many instructions from different programs every second.
  • The clock speed measures the number of cycles the CPU executes per second.
    • ​It is measured in GHz (gigahertz).
  • A “cycle” is technically a pulse synchronized by an internal oscillator.
  • During each cycle, billions of transistors within the processor open and close.
  • A CPU with a clock speed of 3.2 GHz executes 3.2 billion cycles per second.  

The correct answer is Vijay Bhatkar.

• VIJAY BHATKAR:
  • Vijay Pandurang Bhatkar, an  Indian computer scientist, is popularly known as the father of Indian Super Computer.
  • The Padma Bhushan and Maharashtra Bhushan awardee, Vijay Bhatakr, led the development of Param supercomputers in India.
  • He is currently holding the positions of Chancellor of Nalanda University and Chairman of Vijnana Bharti (a non-profit organization of Indian scientists).
  • Major Contributions:
    • First Supercomputer - PARAM 8000 in the year 1991
    • PARAM 10000 - in the year 1998
    • Developed the National Param Supercomputing Facility (NPSF)
    • Played a significant role in establishing institutes like C-DAC, ER&DC, IIITM-K, MKCL, etc.

• RAGHUNATH MASHELKAR:
  • He is an Indian Chemical Engineer and erstwhile Director of the CSIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research).
  • He has also headed institutions like the Indian National Science Academy, the Institution of Chemical Engineers, the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), and the Global Research Alliance.
  • He is the recipient of civilian awards like Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Vibhushan.
• JAYANT NARLIKAR:
  • The Indian astrophysicist, Jayant Narlikar, is known for developing the Hoyle-Narlikar theory with Sir Fred Hoyle.
  • He has won many prestigious awards in his career like - Padma Vibhushan, Rashtra Bhushan award by FIE Foundation, Maharashtra Bhushan, Bhatnagar award, M.P Birla Award, etc. and is currently serving as the emeritus professor at the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics.
• NANDAN NILEKANI:
  • The Indian entrepreneur, Nandan Nilekani, is the co-founder of India's one of the biggest IT company Infosys.
  • He replaced R Seshasayee and Ravi Venkatesan to become the non-executive Chairman of the company in 2017.
  • He is the former Chairman of UIDAI (Unique Identification Authority of India).
  • He joined Indian National Congress in March 2014 but is not an active figure in politics.

The correct answer is Ctrl+N.

Key Points

• Ctrl+N is the shortcut key used to open a New Document in the MS office.
• In the new document new worksheet is opened in the same window. 

Additional Information

• Some important shortcuts used in MS Excel:
  • Ctrl + O Open an existing workbook.
  • Ctrl + S Save the active workbook.
  • F12 Save the active workbook under a new name, displays the Save as dialog box.
  • Ctrl + W Close the active workbook.
  • Ctrl + C Copy the contents of the selected cells to Clipboard.
  • Ctrl + X Cut the contents of the selected cells to Clipboard.
  • Ctrl + V Insert the contents of the Clipboard into the selected cell(s).

The correct answer is Versatility, Diligence.

Key Points

• Versatility is the characteristic of a computer to perform completely different types of work at the same time, whereas diligence makes it to work for hours without boredom or tiredness. 
• Versatility means the capacity of the computer of performing more than one task at the same time.
• Diligence is the capacity of the computer of performing repetitive tasks without getting tired.
• A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration, fatigue, etc therefore it can work for hours without creating any errors.

Additional Information

Characteristics of Computer System are:

• Speed - A computer works with much higher speed and accuracy compared to humans while performing mathematical calculations. 
• Accuracy - Computers perform calculations with 100% accuracy. 
• Diligence - A computer can perform millions of tasks or calculations with the same consistency and accuracy. 
• Versatility
• Reliability
• Memory

The correct answer is Analytical Engine. 

Key Points

• Analytical Engine generally considered the first computer, designed and partly built by the English inventor Charles Babbage in the 19th century (he worked on it until his death in 1871).
• While working on the Difference Engine, a simpler calculating machine commissioned by the British government, Babbage began to imagine ways to improve it.
• Chiefly he thought about generalizing its operation so that it could perform other kinds of calculations.
• By the time funding ran out for his Difference Engine in 1833, he had conceived of something far more revolutionary: a general-purpose computing machine called the Analytical Engine. 
• The Analytical Engine was to be a general-purpose, fully program-controlled, automatic mechanical digital computer.
• It would be able to perform any calculation set before it. 
• The machine was designed to consist of four components: the mill, the store, the reader, and the printer. These components are the essential components of every computer today.

Additional Information

• Abacus:
  • Abacus, plural abaci or abacuses, calculating device, probably of Babylonian origin, that was long important in commerce.
  • It is the ancestor of the modern calculating machine and computer.
  • The earliest “abacus” likely was a board or slab on which a Babylonian spread sand so he could trace letters for general writing purposes. 
  • The word abacus is probably derived, through its Greek form abakos, from a Semitic word such as the Hebrew ibeq (“to wipe the dust”; noun abaq, “dust”). 
  • The abacus, generally in the form of a large calculating board, was in universal use in Europe in the Middle Ages, as well as in the Arab world and in Asia.
  • It reached Japan in the 16th century. The introduction of the Hindu-Arabic notation, with its place value and zero, gradually replaced the abacus, though it was still widely used in Europe as late as the 17th century and survives today in the Middle East, China, and Japan; an expert practitioner can compete against many modern mechanical calculating machines.
• Calculator:
  • Calculator, machine for automatically performing arithmetical operations and certain mathematical functions.
  • Modern calculators are descendants of a digital arithmetic machine devised by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
  • Later in the 17th century, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz created a more advanced machine, and, especially in the late 19th century, inventors produced calculating machines that were smaller and smaller and less and less laborious to use.
  • In the early decades of the 20th century, desktop adding machines and other calculating devices were developed. Some were key-driven, others required a rotating drum to enter sums punched into a keyboard, and later the drum was spun by an electric motor.
• A central processing unit (CPU):
  • The central processing unit (CPU), the principal part of any digital computer system, generally composed of the main memory, control unit, and arithmetic-logic unit.
  • It constitutes the physical heart of the entire computer system; to it is linked various peripheral equipment, including input/output devices and auxiliary storage units.
  • In modern computers, the CPU is contained on an integrated circuit chip called a microprocessor.
  • The control unit of the central processing unit regulates and integrates the operations of the computer.
  • It selects and retrieves instructions from the main memory in proper sequence and interprets them so as to activate the other functional elements of the system at the appropriate moment to perform their respective operations.