Question Discussion & Solution

Concept:

• Atoms are made up of subatomic particles - electrons protons and neutrons.
• In the center of an atom, a nucleus is present which contains protons and neutrons together known as nucleons.
• The mass of an atom is most concentrated at the center of the atom, i.e. the nucleus.

​Electrons:

• Discovered by Sir J.J Thomson in the year 1897.
• Previously named as cathode rays as they were supposed to be emitted from the cathode.
• They are deflected towards the positive side.
• They have high kinetic energy.
• They are deflected by an electric and magnetic field.
• It has a negative charge of

  \(charge=1.602\times10^{-19} coulombs \)
\(mass={1\over 1837}\times 9.107\times 10^{-28}g\)

Protons:

• Discovered by Goldstein.
• Depicted first as positive rays because it seemed to emerge from the anode.
• Mass of a proton is

 \(1.670 \times 10^{- 24}g\)

\(Charge=1.602\times 10^{-19} coulombs\)​

Explanation:

• Rutherford's discovery led to the discovery of nucleus.
• He found out that most of the mass of the nucleus is situated in its centre and contains the positively charged particles protons.
• The atom is otherwise empty and as electrons have negligible mass, the mass of an atom should be equal to the sum of mass of protons present in it.
• However, it was seen that in Helium, there are only two protons, so its mass should be twice the mass of each proton = \(2\times 1.008 a.m.u\).
• Experimental results revealed that it has a mass of 4.003a.m.u.
• Hence, it was concluded that the nucleus has particles containing no charge but mass almost equal to that of a proton.
• This was established by scientist James chadwick in 1932.

Additional Information

Rutherford's gold foil experiment: 

• He discovered the atomic nucleus and gave us an atomic model.
• He directed alpha particles towards a metal sheet.
• He saw that most of the alpha particles, which are positively charged particles, are not getting deflected.
• Most of the alpha particles emerged undeflected.

• Therefore, he concluded that most of the mass of the nucleus is situated in its centre and contains the positively charged particles protons.
• Electrons revolve around the nucleus in certain orbits.

The correct answer is 2, 3, 4, 1.

• Chauhan Dynasty as per the chronological order:
  • Ajayraj - (1110 - 1135 AD).
  • Arnoraj - (1135 - 1150 AD).
  • Vigraharaj IV - (1150 - 1164 AD).
  • Prithviraj III - (1178 - 1192 AD).

Key Points

• According to the Raj Shekhar Prabandh Kosh, the Chauhan dynasty was established by Vasu Dev Chauhan in 551 AD.
  • Their initial capital was Ahichhitarpur.
  • After Vasudev Chauhan comes Samant Raj as his successor.
  • Durlabh raj was the first Chauhan emperor when the Muslims invaded Ajmer.

Additional Information 

• The Chauhan Dynasty:
  • The word Chauhan is the vernacular form of the Sanskrit term Chahamana.
  • While the earlier versions of Chandbardai's work Prithviraj Raso do not mention Chauhan as born from Agnikunda, the later versions do.
  • The 15th-century Hammira Mahakavya of Nayachandra Suri & Jayanayak's Prithviraj Vijay considers Chauhans as Suryavanshi. 
  • Based on Bijloia Inscription, Dr. Dasrath Sharma considers that the early ancestor of Chauhan was born at Ahichchhatrapura in the gotra of sage Vatsa. Ahichchhatrapura can be identified with modern Nagaur.
  • Chahamanas probably started out as petty rulers of Ahichchhatrapura. As the Chahamana territory expanded, the entire region ruled by them came to be known as Sapadalaksha.
• Major Chauhan dynasties include:
  • Chauhans of Shakambhari.
  • Chauhans of Ranthambore.
  • Chauhans of Jalore.

Below are a few types of Unconditional Control Structures

The “break” Statement

A break statement terminates the execution of the loop and the control is transferred to the statement immediately following the loop. 

Syntax : Jump-statement;  break;

The “continue” Statement

The continue statement is used to bypass the remainder of the current pass through a loop.

 Syntax : Jump-statement;  Continue;

The “goto” Statement

C supports the “goto” statement to branch unconditionally from one point to another in the program.

Syntax :

goto label;
.............
.............
.............
label:
statement;

Return Statement :

The return statement terminates the execution of a function and returns control to the calling function. Execution resumes in the calling function at the point immediately following the call.

 Syntax : Jump-statement: return expression;

 Therefore answer is goto statement i.e, Option 4 

SMTP: simple mail transfer protocol is used for sending e-mail services between the servers.

HTTP: Hypertext transfer protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems.

FTP: It is an application layer protocol for file transfer

Elements of diagram are moving in clockwise direction and 1 dot is added in each step.

The complete diagram is as follows,