Question Discussion & Solution

Explanation:

• One of the most important contributors to the early construction of the periodic table was Russian scientist Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeléev.
• Mendeleev Periodic Table was introduced in 1869, following the rejection of Newlands Octave Law.
• Elements were arranged in Mendeleev's periodic chart according to their fundamental property, atomic mass, and chemical characteristics.
• Only 63 elements were known at Mendeleev's time.
• Mendeleev discovered that the properties of elements are the periodic function of their atomic mass in a periodic pattern after analysing their qualities.
• He ordered the elements in the periodic table so that those with comparable properties were in the same vertical columns.
• He developed a periodic law based on this finding, which states:- “The periodic function of an element's atomic mass is its property.”
• Demerits -  
  1. He couldn't find hydrogen in the periodic chart.
  2. Moving from one element to the next caused an irregular increase in atomic mass. As a result, the amount of elements that have yet to be identified is unpredictable.
  3. Isotopes were not considered. Later on, isotopes of elements that defied Mendeleev's periodic law were discovered.​ 

Additional Information

Mendeleev left places for undiscovered elements. 

• scandium, gallium and germanium, discovered later, have properties similar to Eka–boron, Eka–aluminium and Eka–silicon, respectively. So undiscovered elements were named also by Mendeleevs. 
• It was not very strictly based on increasing order of atomic mass.  For example, cobalt (atomic mass 58.9) appeared before nickel (atomic mass 58.7) based on periodic properties. 
• Noble gases can easily get adjusted in Mendeleev periodic table even they were discovered after the periodic table. 

The correct answer is Amlanand Ghosh.

Key Points

• Prof Amlanand Ghosh excavated the Kalibangan site in 1952.
• The Kalibangan civilization is supposed to older than 4000 BC.
• This Rajasthan civilization was the first metropolis state in India.
• Kalibangan lies along with the left Bank of the dried-up bed of river Ghaggar.
• The site contains both pre-Harappan and Harappan remains, and therein can be seen the transition between the two cultures.
• Although the pre-Harappan culture worked copper and produced pottery, it had no writing system, and its ruins lack the orderly layout and use of baked brick that is found in the later Harappan sites.
• The Harappan remains include a cemetery and a fortified citadel. 

Additional Information

• Ratna Chandra Agrawal: 
  • Bhinmal Civilization was first founded by Ratna Chandra Agrawal in 1953-54 AD.
  • Bhinmal civilization is founded in the Jalore District of Rajasthan.
• Ratan Lal Mishra: 
  • Ganeshwar civilization was first founded in 1977 by historian Ratan Lal Mishra.
  • This Ganeshwar civilization is more than 4000 years old and the estimated time period was 2500 – 2000 BC.

• A CASE tool is a generic term used to denote any form of automated support for software engineering, in a more restrictive sense a CASE tool can mean any tool used to automate some activity associated with software development
• Some of the CASE tools assist in phase-related tasks such as specification, structured analysis, design, coding, testing, etc. and others to non-phase activities such as project management and configuration management
• The primary objectives of using any CASE tool are:

1. To increase productivity.
2. To help produce better quality software at a lower cost.

int add (int a, int b=12) // formal argument
{
return a + b;
}
main()
{ 
int c;
c = add (10, 20);
printf("c = %d", c);
}

In this Program Add function is following the call by value mechanism so that value cannot be called outside the function So the answer will be a+b = 10+ 20 = 30 

Therefore Option B is correct

The correct answer is Bahlul Khan Lodhi.

Key Points

• Bahlul Khan Lodhi is the founder ruler of the Lodhi Dynasty.

Additional Information 

• Lodi Dynasty (1451 to 1526)
  • Bahlul Khan Lodi (1451-1489 AD)
    • He was the founder of the Lodi dynasty.
    • He served as the Subedar (Governor) of Lahore and Sirhind during the reign of Muhammad Shah.
    • He tried to re-establish the greatness of the Delhi Sultanate, hence he had recaptured the areas around Delhi.
    • His most successful war was against the ruler of Jaunpur "Mahmud Shah Sharki".
    • The territories conquered by Bahlol Lodi were Mewat (Ahmed Khan), Sambhal (Dariya Khan), Kol (Isa Khan), Suket (Mubarak Khan), Manipur and Bhongaon (Raja Pratap Singh), Rewari (Qutub Khan), Etawah And Chandawar.
    • In 1498 AD, the able son of Bahlol Lodi, Nizam Shah, came to power in the name of "Sultan Sikandar Shah".
  • Sikandar Shahi (1489-1517 A.D.)Ibrahim Lodi (1518-1526)
    • He was the most qualified of three Lodi rulers who had conquered the king of Bihar and Tirhut.
    • Sikandar Lodi expanded his empire by conquering areas like Dholpur and Chanderi.
    • He kept a strict vigil on his nobles and jagirdars and strictly suppressed the rebellion carried out by them.
    • He had established an efficient espionage system and also arranged for the checking of government accounts.
    • He reduced the restrictions placed on trade, which boosted the economic prosperity of the people. For the measurement of agricultural land, he introduced a "Gaja-e- Sikandari" (Alexander Yard)  or 32 inches.
    • He shifted his capital from Delhi to Agra, which was established by him.
  • Ibrahim Lodi
    • Ibrahim Lodi was stubborn and intolerant which were not good qualities in a ruler.
    • Nobles were killed cruelly and many nobles were humiliated by Ibrahim Lodi.
    • He also treated his son Dilwar Khan Lodi cruelly.
    • Invasion of India was done by Kabul ruler, Babur, at the behest of Daulat Khan, a very powerful noble from Punjab.
    • In the 1st battle of Panipat in the year 1526 A.D, Ibrahim Lodi faced defeat at the hands of Babur