Question Discussion & Solution

The correct answer is Violence.

Key Points

• Violence
  • It is defined by the World Health Organization in the WRVH as “the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation” 

Additional Information

• Nonviolence
  • It is the personal practice of not causing harm to one's self and others under every condition.
• Hatred
  • It is an angry or resentful emotional response to certain people or ideas. 

The correct answer is Plotter.

• The plotter is an output device producing continuous lines of different colours.

​Key Points

• Plotter
  • ​The plotter is used to draw Continuous lines.
  • A plotter is a printer that reads commands from a computer to make line drawings on paper with one or more automated pens.
  • The plotter can draw continuous point-to-point lines directly from vector graphics files or commands.
• There are a number of different types of plotters:
  • A drum plotter
    • Draws on paper wrapped around a drum which turns to produce one direction of the plot, while the pens move to provide the other direction.
  • A flatbed plotter
    • It draws on paper placed on a flat surface.
  • An electrostatic plotter
    • It is used to draw on negatively charged paper with positively charged toner.

Additional Information

• Daisy wheel printing 
  • It is an impact printing technology invented in 1970 by Dr. Andrew Gabor.
  • Used for high-quality text printing.
• Chain Printer
  • An early line printer that used type slugs linked together in a chain as its printing mechanism.
  • The chain spins horizontally around a set of hammers.
  • When the desired character is in front of the selected print column, the corresponding hammer hits the paper into the ribbon and onto the character in the chain.

The correct answer is Potato.

Modifications of Root

1. For storage of food
   • Roots are modified in some plants for storing reserve food materials.
   • These modified roots usually are swollen and assume different forms such as spindle-shaped, e.g., radish; top-shaped, e.g., beet, turnip; cone-like, e.g., carrot; indefinite shape, e.g., sweet potatoes.
   • Dahlia, Asparagus, Portulaca are some other examples of plants with modified roots for food storage.
2. Nodulated roots
   • The roots of pea and other leguminous plants have numerous swollen nodules on fine branches of roots.
   • These nodules are formed due to the symbiotic association of Rhizobium (bacterium) that live inside the root cortical cells of the roots.
   • They fix nitrogen and an active nodule is pink in colour.
3. For mechanical support
   • Roots are modified to provide mechanical support as seen in a banyan tree which has roots growing vertically/obliquely downwards (prop roots); sugarcane/maize in which roots arise from the nodes in the cluster at the base of the stem (stilt roots) and betel/black pepper in which nodes and internodes bear roots which help in climbing.
4. For gaseous exchange
   • Pneumatophores or breathing roots are found in plants growing in mangroves or swamps with saline water for exchange of gases.
   • They are erect peg-like structures with numerous pores through which air circulates e.g., Rhizophora mangle.

• Modifications of Stem

1. For storage of food
   • Stems get modified into underground structures for storage of food as seen in potato (tuber), ginger (rhizome), garlic (bulb), yam (corm).
   • Presence of an eye (node) in potato, distinct nodes with internodes and scaly leaves in ginger/yam, a cluster of roots at the base of the reduced stem in garlic/ onion, all indicate that these underground plant parts are modified stem.
2. For vegetative propagation
   • Plants besides reproducing sexually also propagate through vegetative parts.
   • For this purpose, stems may be modified into a runner (Cyanodon dactylon, Oxalis). Runners are slender prostrate branches arising from axillary buds;
   • stolon (e.g., mint, strawberry) which is a slender lateral branch arising from the base of the stem grows upward and then down to develop new daughter plants;
   • offset having a single long horizontal internode growing up to some distance and producing a tuft of leaves above and a cluster of roots below at the apex (Eichornia, Pistia) and
   • sucker, which arises from the underground part of the stem, grow obliquely and gives rise to a new shoot. (Chrysanthemum, Banana, Pineapple).
3. For protection
   • Some modified stem provides protection as thorns which are hard, pointed structures each representing a branch that arises from the axil of a leaf.
   • Thorns are found in plants like Duranta, Pomegranate, Acacia, Ber, Prosopis, Bougainvillea, Citrus, etc.
4. For support
   • Tendrils are modifications of the stem to provide support to plants, e.g., Vitis, passionflower, Bignonia etc.
5. For photosynthesis
   • Stems are also modified into Phylloclade, to facilitate photosynthesis.
   • Phylloclades are flattened/cylindrical stem or branches of unlimited growth (Cactus).

The correct answer is 2, 3, 4, 1.

• Chauhan Dynasty as per the chronological order:
  • Ajayraj - (1110 - 1135 AD).
  • Arnoraj - (1135 - 1150 AD).
  • Vigraharaj IV - (1150 - 1164 AD).
  • Prithviraj III - (1178 - 1192 AD).

Key Points

• According to the Raj Shekhar Prabandh Kosh, the Chauhan dynasty was established by Vasu Dev Chauhan in 551 AD.
  • Their initial capital was Ahichhitarpur.
  • After Vasudev Chauhan comes Samant Raj as his successor.
  • Durlabh raj was the first Chauhan emperor when the Muslims invaded Ajmer.

Additional Information 

• The Chauhan Dynasty:
  • The word Chauhan is the vernacular form of the Sanskrit term Chahamana.
  • While the earlier versions of Chandbardai's work Prithviraj Raso do not mention Chauhan as born from Agnikunda, the later versions do.
  • The 15th-century Hammira Mahakavya of Nayachandra Suri & Jayanayak's Prithviraj Vijay considers Chauhans as Suryavanshi. 
  • Based on Bijloia Inscription, Dr. Dasrath Sharma considers that the early ancestor of Chauhan was born at Ahichchhatrapura in the gotra of sage Vatsa. Ahichchhatrapura can be identified with modern Nagaur.
  • Chahamanas probably started out as petty rulers of Ahichchhatrapura. As the Chahamana territory expanded, the entire region ruled by them came to be known as Sapadalaksha.
• Major Chauhan dynasties include:
  • Chauhans of Shakambhari.
  • Chauhans of Ranthambore.
  • Chauhans of Jalore.

Hence the code for change out is “reshsab”.