Question Discussion & Solution

Option 3 is correct, i.e. p-block.

• Modern Periodic Table:
  • The Modern Periodic Table is classified into the following elements - p-block, s-block, d-block, and f-block.
  • The p-block elements include chalcogens, pnictogens, halogens, inert gases.
    • The 18^th group is known as Inert gas, zero groups, Nonreactive gases.
    • The 17^th group is known as Halogen.
    • The 16^th group is known as Chalcogen.
    • The 15^th group known as Pnictogen.
    • Pnictogen group refers to the choking property of nitrogen gas (as opposed to air, which contains oxygen as well as nitrogen).
    • Nitrogen family elements consist of atoms having 5 electrons in their outer energy level. Two of the electrons are in the s subshell, with 3 unpaired electrons in the ​p subshell.
  • The s-block elements include alkali metals and alkaline earth metals. 
  • The d-block elements include Transition elements.
  • The f-block elements include Inner Transition Elements.

The code for ‘IRONIC’ would be ‘#!?@#&’.

Concept:-

• Plants have diverse varieties.
• There are more than 3 lakh plants species that have already been found in the world.
• Plants are beneficial in human life they give food, shelter and fulfil many other needs of various organisms.

Explanation:-

Bryophytes:

• Bryophytes are often referred to as the amphibians of the plant kingdom.
• Bryophytes are small, non-vascular plants.
• The reproduction of Bryophytes is via spores.
• Bryophytes are live in the soil, even though they need water for sexual reproduction this is the reason why the Bryophytes are often referred to as the amphibians of the plant kingdom.
• Bryophytes are generally classified into three coordinate phyla namely the liverworts, hornworts, and mosses.
• The following division, bryophytes, were the first land occupying or inhabiting plants.
• They fill in sodden or damp regions since they require water for fertilization.
• Consequently, they are called the creatures of land and water of the plant kingdom or the amphibians of the plant kingdom.

Thus, the first plants to inhabit the land are Bryophytes.

Additional Information 

Kingdom plants are divided into five groups- Thallophytes, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms.

Thallophyta

• The plant body is not differentiated from roots, stems, and leaves.
• They are commonly called algae.

Bryophyta

• These are small terrestrial plants.
• They show differentiation in the body design, with stem, leaf-like structures, and root-like structures.

Pteridophyta

• The plant body is differentiated into roots, stems, and leaves, apart from having a specialized tissue for conduction.

Gymnosperms

• Gymnosperms are plants with naked seeds.

Angiosperms

• Angiosperms are seed-bearing plants. Seeds develop inside tissues that get modified to form the fruit of the plant. 

CONCEPT:

• Electric Power: The rate at which electrical energy is dissipated into other forms of energy is called electrical power i.e.,

\(P = \frac{W}{t} = VI = {I^2}R = \frac{{{V^2}}}{R}\)

Where V = Potential difference, R = Resistance and I = current.

EXPLANATION:

• Mathematically power can be written as,

\(\Rightarrow P = \frac{W}{t} = VI \)

If, W = 1 J and t = 1 sec, then P = 1 watt

• Thus the power of an electric circuit is said to be one watt or 1 ampere - volt if one joule of energy is consumed in one second. Therefore option 1 is correct.

The correct answer is Fermentation.

Key Points

• Fermentation:
  • The biological process, in which sugar molecules are converted into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide with the help of some microbes like yeast and bacteria is called alcohol fermentation.
  • It is an anaerobic process. i.e. it occurs in the absence of oxygen.
  • The process is governed by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase
  • Alcoholic fermentation has many uses such as for the production of alcoholic beverages, ethanol fuel, and bread cooking.

Additional Information

• Moulding:
  • ​Moulding is a typical process in which a type of fungus that grows surface of fruits and vegetable.
  • These tubular branches have multiple, genetically identical nuclei, yet form a single organism, known as a colony.
  • In contrast, yeast is a type of fungus that grows as a single cell.
• Nitrogen Fixation:
  • Nitrogen fixation is the chemical process by which atmospheric nitrogen is assimilated into organic compounds, especially by certain microorganisms as part of the nitrogen cycle. 
  • Atmospheric nitrogen is fixed by several methods like biological N2 fixation, Industrial N2 fixation & Electrical N2 fixation.
  • It is a necessary process, as the fixed nitrogen is used in the biosynthesis of several organic compounds like amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, etc.
• Transcription:
  • ​The process of copying genetic information from one strand of DNA into RNA is termed transcription or mRNA synthesis.
  • The process of transcription begins when an enzyme called RNA polymerase attaches to the template DNA strand and begins to catalyze the production of complementary RNA.
  • It is completed in three steps Initiation, Elongation & Termination.