Question Discussion & Solution

The correct answer is ROM.

Key Points

• Each memory cell of a ROM chip has either a transistor for a 1 bit or none for a 0 bit.
• ROMs(Read-only memory) is used for programs that are essential parts of a computer’s operation, such as the bootstrap program that starts a computer and loads its operating system or the BIOS (basic input/output system) that addresses external devices in a personal computer (PC). 
• EPROM (erasable programmable ROM), EAROM (electrically alterable ROM), and flash memory are types of nonvolatile memories that are rewritable, though the rewriting is far more time-consuming than reading.
• They are thus used as special-purpose memories where writing is seldom necessary—if used for the BIOS, for example, they may be changed to correct errors or update features.

Additional Information

• Cache memory:
  • Cache memory, also called Cache, a supplementary memory system that temporarily stores frequently used instructions and data for quicker processing by the central processor of a computer.
  • The cache augments and is an extension of, a computer’s main memory.
  • Both main memory and cache are internal, random-access memories (RAMs) that use semiconductor-based transistor circuits.
  • The cache holds a copy of only the most frequently used information or program codes stored in the main memory; the smaller capacity of the cache reduces the time required to locate data within it and provide it to the computer for processing. 
• RAM:
  • RAM, in full random-access memory, Computer main memory in which specific contents can be accessed (read or written) directly by the CPU in a very short time regardless of the sequence (and hence location) in which they were recorded.
  • Two types of memory are possible with random-access circuits, static RAM (SRAM) and dynamic RAM (DRAM).
  • A single memory chip is made up of several million memory cells.
  • In an SRAM chip, each memory cell stores a binary digit (1 or 0) for as long as power is supplied.
  • In a DRAM chip, the charge on individual memory cells must be refreshed periodically in order to retain data.
  • Because it has fewer components, DRAM requires less chip area than SRAM; hence a DRAM chip can hold more memory, though its access time is slower.

The correct answer is Operating System.

Key Points

• Information Technology Act 2000:​
  • It is the primary law in India dealing with cybercrime and electronic commerce.
  • This act provides a legal framework for electronic governance by giving recognition to electronic records and digital signatures.
  • It also defines cybercrimes and prescribes penalties for them.
  • The main motive of this Act is to provide legal for transactions carried out by means of electronic data interchange.

Additional Information

• Operating System
  • It consists of programs, which control, coordinates, and supervises the activities of the various components of a computer system.
  • Its function is to provide a link between the computer hardware and the user.
  • An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs.
  • The three most common operating systems for personal computers are Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux.
  • Modern operating systems use a graphical user interface(GUI).
  • An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware. An operating system is a software that performs all the basic tasks like file management, memory management, process management, handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
  • Some popular Operating Systems include Linux Operating System, Windows Operating System, VMS, OS/400, AIX, z/OS, etc.
  • The following are some of the important functions of an operating system:
    • Memory Management
    • Processor Management
    • Device Management
    • File Management
    • Security
    • Control over system performance
    • Job accounting
    • Error detecting aids
    • Coordination between other soft

The correct answer is Supercomputer.

Key Points

• A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance as compared to a general-purpose computer.
• The performance of a supercomputer is commonly measured in floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) instead of million instructions per second (MIPS).

Additional Information

• World's fastest supercomputer - Fugaku (Japan)
• World's first supercomputer - CDC 6600
• India's fastest supercomputer - PARAM-Siddhi AI

The correct answer is Central Processing Unit.

Key Points

• Central Processing Unit (CPU): It is the most important unit, where all the processing jobs take place. CPU is the control centre of the computer and hence it is said to be the brain of the computer.

Additional Information 

• CPU has three main components:
  • Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): It performs all the arithmetic operations like addition (+), multiplication (*), subtraction (-), division (/) on the numerical data directed by the control unit. All the logical operations, like less than (<), greater than (>), equal to (=), not equal to (≠) etc. are also carried out by ALU.
  • Control Unit (CU): It controls and coordinates all the operations taking place in the system. It controls the flow of data and information from one unit to the other.
  • Registers/Memory Unit (MU): To execute a program, data and instructions need to be stored temporarily. This storage is done in the MU. The data and instructions are retrieved from MU by Control Unit for supplying to ALU as when required by the program.

The correct answer is Compression.

Key Points

•  Compression:
  • Data Compression, also called Compaction, the process of reducing the amount of data needed for the storage or transmission of a given piece of information, typically by the use of encoding techniques. 
  • Compression predates digital technology, having been used in Morse Code, which assigned the shortest codes to the most common characters, and in telephony, which cuts off high frequencies in voice transmission.
  • Today, when an uncompressed digital image may require 20 megabytes, data compression is important in storing information digitally on computer disks and in transmitting it over communications networks.

Important Points

• Fragmentation:
  • Fragmentation is an unwanted problem where the memory blocks cannot be allocated to the processes due to their small size and the blocks remain unused.
  • There are two types of fragmentation:
    • Internal Fragmentation: In this fragmentation, the process is allocated a memory block of size more than the size of that process. Due to this some part of the memory is left unused and this causes internal fragmentation.
    • External Fragmentation: In this fragmentation, although we have total space available that is needed by a process still we are not able to put that process in the memory because that space is not contiguous. This is called external fragmentation.
• Encapsulation:
  • Data Encapsulation is the process in which some extra information is added to the data item to add some features to it.
  • Data Encapsulation uses either the OSI or the TCP/IP model in our network, and the data transmission takes place through various layers in these models.
  • Data encapsulation adds the protocol information to the data so that data transmission can take place in a proper way. This information can either be added in the header or the footer of the data.