Question Discussion & Solution

The Correct answer is ​42nd Amendment.

 Key Points

• The 42nd Amendment of the Indian Constitution is the most comprehensive amendment to the Constitution and carried out major changes.
• It is also known as “mini-constitution”.
•  Amendments:
  • Added three new words (i.e., socialist, secular, and integrity) in the Preamble.
  • Added Fundamental Duties by the citizens (new Part IV A).
  • Made the president bound by the advice of the cabinet.
  • Provided for administrative tribunals and tribunals for other matters (Added Part XIV A).
  • Froze the seats in the Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies on the basis of 1971 census till 2001 - Population Controlling Measure
  • Made the constitutional amendments beyond judicial scrutiny.
  • Curtailed the power of judicial review and writ jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and high courts.
  • Raised the tenure of Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies from 5 to 6 years.
  • Provided that the laws made for the implementation of Directive Principles cannot be declared invalid by the courts on the ground of violation of some Fundamental Rights.
  • Added three new Directive Principles viz., equal justice and free legal aid, the participation of workers in the management of industries and protection of the environment, forests, and wildlife.
  • Provided for the creation of the All-India Judicial Service.
  • Shortened the procedure for disciplinary action by taking away the right of a civil servant to make representation at the second stage after the inquiry (i.e., on the penalty proposed).

 Important Points

• The 24th Amendment had re-established Parliament's authority to amend the Fundamental Rights in the Constitution.
• The 25th Amendment was intended to strip the Supreme Court of the power to go into the quantum of compensation for the takeover of property for public use.
• 44th Amendment Act nullified this unjustified power to the government.
• Right to Property was removed from the list of fundamental rights (Article 31) and was made a legal right under Article 300A.
• 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments were passed by Parliament in December 1992.
• Through these amendments, local self-governance was introduced in rural and urban India.

The correct answer is Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Key Points

• India is a federal (or quasi-federal) democratic republic with a parliamentary system of government largely based on the UK model.
• Parliament is the “supreme legislative body of India” comprised of the President and the two Houses – Rajya Sabha (the Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (the House of the People).
  • ​It is not necessary for a democratic country to have a constitution.

Additional Information

• After independence, pursuant to the Indian Independence Act, the Constituent Assembly became India’s first sovereign legislature. 
• The Assembly was formed under a plan recommended by the Cabinet Mission that called for the framing of the Constitution of India. 
• A drafting committee under the chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was set up by the Constituent Assembly.  
• It took the drafting committee two years and eleven months to complete the drafting of the Constitution.
• Full democracies are nations where civil liberties and fundamental political freedoms are not only respected but also reinforced by a political culture conducive to the thriving of democratic principles.

The correct answer is All the above.

• Main functions of Rajasthan Finance Cooperation are:
  • To have guaranteed for loans given for Industries.
  • To contribute to share capital.
  • To provide financial assistance from the government to the industries.

Additional Information

• Rajasthan Financial Corporation (RFC) was constituted under a notification of the State Government on 17th January 1955 under the SFCs Act, 1951, for providing long term financial support to tiny, small and medium scale industries in the State of Rajasthan.

The correct answer is Jhajjar.

Key Points

• Bhagwat Dayal Sharma, also known as Panditji, was the first Chief Minister of Haryana.
  • He was born in Beri, a town in the Jhajjar district of Haryana, on 26 January 1918.
  • He was appointed first Chief Minister of Haryana on 1 November 1966 and represented the Jhajjar constituency.
  • He also took active participation in the freedom struggle from 1941–47.
  • He also served as the Governor of Odisha and Madhya Pradesh from 30 April 1980 to 14 May 1984.
  • He died on 22 February 1993 because of old age-related issues.

The correct answer is Chairman of the Council of State.

Key Points

• National human rights commission
  • It is a statutory body established on 12th October 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Act 1993.
  • The Act also provides for the creation of the State Human Rights Commission as well.
  • Composition
    • The chairperson is retired chief justice of India or a judge of the Supreme Court.
  • They are appointed by the President on the recommendations of a six-member committee consisting of
    • Prime Minister (head)
    • Speaker of the Lok Sabha
    • Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
    • Leaders of the Opposition in both the Houses of Parliament
    • Union Home Minister.
  • Term and removal
    • They hold office for a term of three years or until they attain the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier.
    • The President can remove them from the office under specific circumstances.

Additional Information

• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948.
  • It is a milestone declaration in the history of human rights that sets out, for the first time, fundamental human rights to be universally protected.
  • Human Rights Day is observed every year on 10 December, which is the anniversary of the UDHR.
  • In due time the growing importance of strengthening national human rights institutions has been recognized and in 1991, a UN meeting in Paris has developed a detailed set of principles i.e. Paris Principles.
  • These principles became the foundation for the establishment and operation of National Human Rights Institutions.
  • In pursuant to these principles, India has enacted the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, with a view to bringing about greater accountability and strengthening of human rights in the country.
  • This act also authorized State Governments to establish State Human Rights Commission.