Question Discussion & Solution

The correct answer is Potato.

Modifications of Root

1. For storage of food
   • Roots are modified in some plants for storing reserve food materials.
   • These modified roots usually are swollen and assume different forms such as spindle-shaped, e.g., radish; top-shaped, e.g., beet, turnip; cone-like, e.g., carrot; indefinite shape, e.g., sweet potatoes.
   • Dahlia, Asparagus, Portulaca are some other examples of plants with modified roots for food storage.
2. Nodulated roots
   • The roots of pea and other leguminous plants have numerous swollen nodules on fine branches of roots.
   • These nodules are formed due to the symbiotic association of Rhizobium (bacterium) that live inside the root cortical cells of the roots.
   • They fix nitrogen and an active nodule is pink in colour.
3. For mechanical support
   • Roots are modified to provide mechanical support as seen in a banyan tree which has roots growing vertically/obliquely downwards (prop roots); sugarcane/maize in which roots arise from the nodes in the cluster at the base of the stem (stilt roots) and betel/black pepper in which nodes and internodes bear roots which help in climbing.
4. For gaseous exchange
   • Pneumatophores or breathing roots are found in plants growing in mangroves or swamps with saline water for exchange of gases.
   • They are erect peg-like structures with numerous pores through which air circulates e.g., Rhizophora mangle.

• Modifications of Stem

1. For storage of food
   • Stems get modified into underground structures for storage of food as seen in potato (tuber), ginger (rhizome), garlic (bulb), yam (corm).
   • Presence of an eye (node) in potato, distinct nodes with internodes and scaly leaves in ginger/yam, a cluster of roots at the base of the reduced stem in garlic/ onion, all indicate that these underground plant parts are modified stem.
2. For vegetative propagation
   • Plants besides reproducing sexually also propagate through vegetative parts.
   • For this purpose, stems may be modified into a runner (Cyanodon dactylon, Oxalis). Runners are slender prostrate branches arising from axillary buds;
   • stolon (e.g., mint, strawberry) which is a slender lateral branch arising from the base of the stem grows upward and then down to develop new daughter plants;
   • offset having a single long horizontal internode growing up to some distance and producing a tuft of leaves above and a cluster of roots below at the apex (Eichornia, Pistia) and
   • sucker, which arises from the underground part of the stem, grow obliquely and gives rise to a new shoot. (Chrysanthemum, Banana, Pineapple).
3. For protection
   • Some modified stem provides protection as thorns which are hard, pointed structures each representing a branch that arises from the axil of a leaf.
   • Thorns are found in plants like Duranta, Pomegranate, Acacia, Ber, Prosopis, Bougainvillea, Citrus, etc.
4. For support
   • Tendrils are modifications of the stem to provide support to plants, e.g., Vitis, passionflower, Bignonia etc.
5. For photosynthesis
   • Stems are also modified into Phylloclade, to facilitate photosynthesis.
   • Phylloclades are flattened/cylindrical stem or branches of unlimited growth (Cactus).

• In SQL, the function - avg, min, max, sum, count is called as aggregate function.
• Aggregate functions return a single value after calculating from a group of values.
• avg() function returns the average values, max() returns the maximum value, count() finds the number of rows that matches the specified condition, min() returns the minimum value, Max() returns the maximum value. sum() returns the sum of values.

Example:

SELECT AVG(salary

FROM employees

GROUP BY department_id;

TRUNCATE

• Is a DDL command hence it cannot be rolled back.
• It resets the identity of the table and locks that state of the table.
• Hence, Commit and Rollback will have no effect after TRUNCATE.

DELETE

• Is a DML command hence it can be rolled back
• It does not rest the identity of the table, it just locks the table row
• Hence Commit and Rollback can have effect depending on the lock techniques used.

Hence, it can be said that after the execution of ‘TRUNCATE’ operation, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK statements cannot be performed to retrieve the lost data, while ‘DELETE’ allows it.

It can also be said that after the execution of ‘DELETE’ operation, COMMIT and ROLLBACK statements can be performed to retrieve the lost data, while TRUNCATE does not allow it

NOTE

The correct answer is 60 : 40.

• In Rajasthan, the funding pattern of Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) between centre and state is 60 : 40.

Additional Information

• Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY)
  • ​Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana is a national mission to improve farm productivity and ensure better utilization of the resources in the country.
  • A budget of ₹53 billion in a time span of one the year 2015-2016 has been allocated to this scheme.
• The major objective of PMKSY
  • The major objective of PMKSY is to achieve convergence of investments in irrigation at the field level, expand cultivable area under assured irrigation, improve on-farm water use efficiency to reduce wastage of water, enhance the adoption of precision-irrigation and other water saving technologies (More crop per drop), enhance recharge of aquifers and introduce sustainable water conservation practices by exploring the feasibility of reusing treated municipal wastewater for peri-urban agriculture and attract greater private investment in the precision irrigation system.​

The correct option is 2 i.e. Sodium Carbonate

Key Points

• Sodium Carbonate is also known as washing soda it is a salt of carbonic acid.
• Sodium carbonate can be manufactured by Solvay's process.
• It is used for treating hard water and industrial detergent mixtures.
• The aqueous solution of sodium carbonate is alkaline.
• Calcium Sulphate exists in the forms of white solids and is not soluble in water.
• Plaster of Paris and Gypsum are its hydrates.