Question Discussion & Solution

The correct answer is Directive Principles of State Policy.

Key Points

• The provisions relating to the promotion of international peace and security are mentioned in the Indian constitution as a part of Directive Principles of State Policy.
• Article 51 of the Constitution which is a Directive Principle of State Policy directs the state to promote international peace and security and maintain just and honourable relations between nations.
  • It further directs the state to respect International law and treaty obligations and settle disputes peacefully.
• Article 51 honourable relations between nations, respect for international law and treaty obligations, as well as settlement of international disputes by arbitration.

Additional Information

• Fundamental Duties :
  • The fundamental duties of citizens were added to the constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, upon the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee that was constituted by the government.
  •  The fundamental duties were increased to eleven by the 86th Amendment in 2002, which added a duty on every parent or guardian to ensure that their child or ward was provided opportunities for education between the ages of six and fourteen years.
• Directive Principles of State Policy :
  • The Directive Principles of State Policy, embodied in Part IV of the Constitution, are directions given to the state to guide the establishment of economic and social democracy, as proposed by the Preamble.
  • The Directive Principles may be classified under the following categories: Ideals that the state ought to strive towards achieving; directions for the exercise of legislative and executive power; and rights of the citizens which the State must aim towards securing.

Right to Education Act (RTE) provided free and compulsory education to children in 2009 and enforced it as a fundamental right under Article 21-A.

Important Points The right to freedom guarantees freedom for citizens to live a life of dignity among other things. These are given in Articles 19, 20, 21A, and 22 of the Indian Constitution. 

Below are the associated articles of the Constitution under the right to freedom:

Thus, we can say that the ‘Right to Education’ was made part of the right to freedom by the 86th Constitution Amendment Act.

The correct answer is N. K. Singh.

• N. K. Singh is the Chairman of the 15th Finance Commission.

Additional Information

• 15th Finance Commission
  • The Finance Commission (FC) is a constitutional body, that determines the method and formula for distributing the tax proceeds between the Centre and states, and among the states as per the constitutional arrangement and present requirements.
  • Under Article 280 of the Constitution, the President of India is required to constitute a Finance Commission at an interval of five years or earlier.
  • The 15th Finance Commission was constituted by the President of India, under the chairmanship of NK Singh.
  • Its recommendations will cover a period of five years from the year 2021-22 to 2025-26.
  • Grants Devolution Criteria
    • Population:
      • The population of a State represents the needs of the State to undertake expenditure for providing services to its residents.
      • It is also a simple and transparent indicator that has a significant equalising impact.
    • Area:
      • The larger the area, the greater is the expenditure requirement for providing comparable services.
    • Forest and Ecology:
      • By taking into account the share of the dense forest of each state in the aggregate dense forest of all the states, the share on these criteria is determined.
    • Income Distance:
      • Income distance is the distance of the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of a particular state from the state with the highest GSDP.
      • To maintain interstate equity, the states with lower per capita income would be given a higher share.
    • Demographic Performance:
      • It rewards efforts made by states in controlling their population.
      • This criterion has been computed by using the reciprocal of the total fertility ratio of each state, scaled by 1971 population data.
    • Tax Effort:
      • This criterion has been used to reward states with higher tax collection efficiency.

The correct answer is Article 20 and 21.

• Article 20 and 21 are the two articles (Fundamental Rights) of the Indian Constitution that are not suspended even during the National Emergency under Article 359.
• Article 20 gives protection in respect of conviction for offences.
• Article 21 gives the right to life, personal liberty, and the right to die with dignity.
• Article 21A gives free education to all children of the age of six to fourteen(6-14) years.
• Article 14 - Equality before the law
• Article 15 - Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
• Article 16 - Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment
• Article 17 - Abolition of untouchability
• Article 18 - Abolition of titles
• Article 19 - Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.

The Fundamental Rights from the article 12-35 have been classified under six categories:

• Right to Freedom
• Right to Equality
• Right against Exploitation
• Right to Freedom of Religion
• Cultural and Educational rights
• Right to constitutional remedies.

The correct answer is The Supreme Court.

Key Points 

• The Supreme Court of India is called the custodian of the Constitution in India.
• The highest court in India, the Supreme Court is considered as the guardian of the Constitution.
• The conflicts or quarrels of jurisdiction between the central government and the state governments or between the legislature and the executive are decided by the court.
• It upholds and uplifts the rule of law and also ensures and protects citizens’ rights and liberties as given in the Constitution.
• Therefore, the Supreme Court is also known as the Guardian of the Constitution.​

Additional Information 

• The Indian constitution provides for a provision of the Supreme Court under Part V (The Union) and Chapter 6 (The Union Judiciary).
• The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial court and the final court of appeal under the Constitution of India, the highest constitutional court, with the power of judicial review.
• India is a federal state and has a single and unified judicial system with a three-tier structure, i.e. Supreme Court, High Courts, and Subordinate Courts.