Question Discussion & Solution

The Correct Answer is Option (3) i.e C -

• The most significant feature of Indus Valley civilization was the buildings made of the bricks.
• Indus Valley Civilization is also known as Harappan Civilization, which flourished around 2500 BC in Pakistan and Western India.
• Some of the important Harappan sites are - Harappa (Pakistan), Mohenjodaro (Pakistan), Sutkagendor (Pakistan), Chanhudaro (Pakistan), Kalibangan (Rajasthan), Lothal and Surkotada (Gujarat), Banawali (Haryana), Dholavira (Gujarat), etc
• In 1924, John Marshall, Director-General of Archaeological Society of India (ASI), announced the discovery of a new civilization in the Indus Valley to the World.
• Indus Valley Civilization was the largest of the ancient urban civilization of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, and China.
• ASI was founded by Alexander Cunningham in the year 1861.

Additional Information 

• The Indus Valley Civilization was spread from present-day North-East Afghanistan to Pakistan and North-West India. This civilization flourished in the river basins of the Ghaggar-Hakra river and the Indus. Indus valley civilization is one of the four oldest civilizations in the world. It is also known as Harappan Civilization and is well-known for its organized planning based on the grid system. Important facts to be remembered 
• John Marshall was the first researcher to use the term, ‘Indus Valley Civilization’.
• Indus Valley Civilization spread from the year 2500 – 1750 BC according to radio-carbon dating.
• The most distinctive feature of the Harappan Civilization was its urbanization.
• Moreover, sheep and goats, dogs, humped cattle buffalo, and elephants were domesticated in the Indus Valley Civilization.
• The capital cities are Mohenjodaro and Harappa.
• The port cities are Sutkagendor, Balakot, Lothal, Allahdino, and Kuntasi.
• The Indus valley people were well-acquainted with the use of both cotton and wool.
• Name of the major cities are given below:
  • Mohenjodaro (Sind)-It is located on the right bank of the Indus.
  • Kalibangan (Rajasthan)-It was on the banks of the river Ghaggar river
  • Chanhudaro-It lies on the left bank of the Indus in the south of Mohenjodaro.
  • Lothal- It is located at the head of the Gulf of Cambay.
  • Surkotada (Gujarat)-It is at the head of the Rann of Kutch.
  • Banawali (Haryana)-It was situated on the banks of the now-extinct Sarasvati
  • Dholavira (Gujarat)-It excavated is in the Kutch district

The correct answer is Bikaner.

Key Points

• Bikaner Prajamandal-
  • Establishment year - 1936 AD in Kolkata
  • President - Magram Vaidhi
  • Leader - Birbal Singh, Laxmandas Swami, etc.
  • On 22 July 1942 AD, advocate Raghuvar Dayal Goyal established the Bikaner State Praja Parishad for a responsible government.
  • Birbal Singh was martyred on 30 June 1946 in Rai Singh Nagar, where a conference of Bikaner Rajya Praja Parishad was organized due to police firing.
  • The princely state of Bikaner was the first to enter the Central Legislative Assembly.

Additional Information

• Kushalgarh Praja Mandal-
  • Establishment year - 1942 AD
  • Chairman – Bhanwar Lal Nigam
  • Leader- Kanhiya Lal Sethia, etc.
• Alwar Prajamandal-
  • Establishment year- 1938 AD
  • Leaders- Bhavani Shankar Sharma, Harinarayan Sharma, Kunj Bihari Modi, etc.

The Correct Answer is Option 2 i.e Rectangular grid.

• Harappan culture planned its towns with their chessboard system, streets, drainage pipes, and chess pits.
• Rectangular houses with brick-line bathrooms and wells together with their stairways are found in all Harappan sites.
• Harappans have well connected central drainage system.
• Harappa is known as the city of granaries.

The correct answer is 1936 AD.

• The All India Farmers Union is also known as Akhil Bhartiya Kisan Sabha was formed in April 1936 in the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress. 

Key Points

• It is an organization that worked for the peasants and the rights of the farmers and against the feudal movement in India. 
• Sahajanand Saraswati was the first president of All India Kisan Sabha and was the founder of Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha and was also an important pillar of the Bihar Kisan Sabha Movement.
• NG Ranga was secretary of All India Kisan Sabha
• Under Rajendra Prasad, a committee was set up to study the conditions of farmers.
• The main aim of Akhil Bhartiya Kisan Sabha was to abolish the zamindari system, institutionalize credit, and reduce land revenue.

The correct answer is Education.

Key Points

• Charles Wood was the President of the Board of Control(Introduced through Pitt’s India Act, 1784) of English East India Company.
• He had also been the Secretary of the state of India.
• In 1854 he sent a despatch to Lord Dalhousie(the Governor-General of India at that time).
• Wood’s despatch suggested that primary schools must Adopt vernacular languages.
• Through the despatch, he also suggested that high schools use anglo-vernacular medium and that English should be the medium for college-level education.
• Hence, Wood’s Despatch is considered as ‘Magna-Carta’ of English Education in India.