Question Discussion & Solution

Option 1 is correct, i.e. Article 14-18.

The correct answer is Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh.

• Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh were the first states to adopt the Panchayati Raj form of local Government.

Additional Information 

• First Panchayat in Nagaur district of Rajasthan on 2nd October 1959.
• 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992: The Act added Part IX to the Constitution, “The Panchayats” and also added the Eleventh Schedule which consists of the 29 functional items of the panchayats.
  • Features of Panchayati Raj:
    • Gram Sabha: Gram Sabha is the primary body of the Panchayati Raj system.
    • It is a village assembly consisting of all the registered voters within the area of the panchayat.
    • Three Tier System: village, intermediate and district levels.
    • Election of members and chairperson: The members to all the levels of the Panchayati Raj are elected directly and the chairpersons to the intermediate and the district levels are elected indirectly.
  • Important committees for Panchayati Raj:
    • Balwant Rai Mehta Committee
    • Ashok Mehta Committee
    • G V K Rao Committee
    • L M Singhvi Committee

Rajasthan Panchayati Raj Act, 1994:

Resignation of Sarpanch, Up-Sarpanch, Panch, Pradhan, Up-Pradhan, Pramukh, Up-Pramukh and Members of Panchayat Samiti or Zila Parishad-

• The Sarpanch, Up-Sarpanch, or Panch may resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Vikas Adhikari.
• A member holding office as Pradhan of the Panchayat Samiti may resign his office at any time by writing under his hand addressed to the Pramukh, Zila Parishad, and the UpPradhan or a member of a Panchayat Samiti may resign his office at any time by writing under his hand addressed to the Pradhan, Panchayat Samiti.
• The Pramukh may resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Divisional Commissioner, and the Up-Pramukh or a member, Zila Parishad may resign his office by writing under his hand addressed to the Pramukh. 
• Every resignation under Sub-secs. (1), (2), and (3) shall take effect on the expiry of fifteen days from the date of its receipt by the authority aforesaid unless withdrawn within this period of fifteen days.
• Every Up-Sarpanch, Pradhan, Up-Pradhan, Pramukh, and Up-Pramukh shall vacate the office if he ceases to be a member of Panchayat or, as the case may be, a Panchayat Samiti or a Zila Parishad.

Thus, we can conclude that in Rajasthan, a member of Zila Parishad may resign his office by writing under his hand addressed, to Zila Pramukh.

The correct answer is option 4.

Key Points

• The parliamentary system of government
  • The parliamentary system is based on the principle of cooperation and coordination between the legislative and executive organs while the presidential system is based on the doctrine of separation of powers between the two organs.
• The features of parliamentary government in India are:
  • Presence of nominal and real executives
  • Majority party rule
  • Collective responsibility of the executive to the legislature. i.e., the Council of Ministers is responsible to the Lok Sabha. So, option 4 is the correct answer.
  • Membership of the ministers in the legislature.

The Correct answer is ​42nd Amendment.

 Key Points

• The 42nd Amendment of the Indian Constitution is the most comprehensive amendment to the Constitution and carried out major changes.
• It is also known as “mini-constitution”.
•  Amendments:
  • Added three new words (i.e., socialist, secular, and integrity) in the Preamble.
  • Added Fundamental Duties by the citizens (new Part IV A).
  • Made the president bound by the advice of the cabinet.
  • Provided for administrative tribunals and tribunals for other matters (Added Part XIV A).
  • Froze the seats in the Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies on the basis of 1971 census till 2001 - Population Controlling Measure
  • Made the constitutional amendments beyond judicial scrutiny.
  • Curtailed the power of judicial review and writ jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and high courts.
  • Raised the tenure of Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies from 5 to 6 years.
  • Provided that the laws made for the implementation of Directive Principles cannot be declared invalid by the courts on the ground of violation of some Fundamental Rights.
  • Added three new Directive Principles viz., equal justice and free legal aid, the participation of workers in the management of industries and protection of the environment, forests, and wildlife.
  • Provided for the creation of the All-India Judicial Service.
  • Shortened the procedure for disciplinary action by taking away the right of a civil servant to make representation at the second stage after the inquiry (i.e., on the penalty proposed).

 Important Points

• The 24th Amendment had re-established Parliament's authority to amend the Fundamental Rights in the Constitution.
• The 25th Amendment was intended to strip the Supreme Court of the power to go into the quantum of compensation for the takeover of property for public use.
• 44th Amendment Act nullified this unjustified power to the government.
• Right to Property was removed from the list of fundamental rights (Article 31) and was made a legal right under Article 300A.
• 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments were passed by Parliament in December 1992.
• Through these amendments, local self-governance was introduced in rural and urban India.