Question Discussion & Solution

Fundamental rights are the basic human rights enshrined in the Constitution of India which are guaranteed to all citizens. They are applied without discrimination on the basis of race, religion, gender, etc. 

Important Points

The Fundamental Rights have been classified under six categories including the Right to equality which include the following rights:

1. Right to equality (Articles 14–18)
   1. Equality before the law and equal protection of laws (Article 14).
   2. Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth (Article 15).
   3. Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment (Article 16).
   4. Abolition of untouchability and prohibition of its practice (Article 17).
   5. Abolition of titles except military and academic (Article 18).

Additional Information

•  Right to Freedom (Articles 19 – 22)​- The Indian Constitution guarantees freedom to citizens. The freedom right includes many rights such as:
  • Freedom of speech
  • Freedom of expression
  • Freedom of assembly without arms
  • Freedom of association
  • Freedom to practise any profession 
  • Freedom to reside in any part of the country
• Right against Exploitation (Articles 23 – 24)- This right implies the prohibition of traffic in human beings, beggar, and other forms of forced labour. It also implies the prohibition of children in factories, etc. The Constitution prohibits the employment of children under 14 years in hazardous conditions.
• Right to Constitutional Remedies (32 – 35)- The Constitution guarantees remedies if citizens’ fundamental rights are violated. The government cannot infringe upon or curb anyone’s rights. When these rights are violated, the aggrieved party can approach the courts. Citizens can even go directly to the Supreme Court which can issue writs for enforcing fundamental rights.

The correct answer is Article 32.

• Article 32 is described as the heart and soul of the constitution by B.R.Ambedkar.
• Article 32 deals with the right to constitutional remedies.

Key Points

• The right to move to the Supreme court is affirmed by this article.
• The appropriate proceedings are required for the realization of this article.
• The rights are mentioned in part 3 of the constitution.
• To issue a direction, orders or writs are the power of the Supreme court.
• The habeas corpus, quo warranto, prohibition, and certiorari are the types of writs that can be issued by the Supreme court of India.
• Suspension of the rights provided by this article could not happen unless the suspension is provided by the constitution itself.
• In violation of fundamental rights, any person can move to court by using this article.

The Correct Answer is 1952.

Key Points

• The community development program
  • It was started in India, just after independence in 1952. Hence, Option 2 is correct.
  • It was a multi-project program with the aim of the overall development of rural people.
  • It also aimed at improving the standard of living of the village people.
  • Through the Community development projects, village people are also given training in administrative activities.
  • The programs of community development are carried out by three basic institutions at the village level: Village panchayat, cooperative societies, village school.
  • The program launched in 1952 was extended to wider areas at the end of the First Five Year plan.
  • The essence of the Community Development Program was Irrigation.
  • The Government of India initiated the development of the community through Community Development Programme (CDP).
  • The Community Development Program was started on 2nd October 1952.
  • The 55 community projects were launched.
  • It was a holistic approach grounded in principles.
  • The five principles of Community Development were
    •  Social Justice
    • Self Determination
    • Empowerment
    • Human Rights
    • Collective Action.

The correct answer is Directive Principles of State Policy.

Key Points

• The Constitution itself declares that the Directive Principles of State Policy are fundamental to the governance of the country.
• These are the constitutional instructions or recommendations to the State in legislative, executive, and administrative matters.
• Hence option 3 is correct.

​​Additional Information

• Socialistic Principles:
  • to promote the welfare of the people by securing a social order permeated by social, economic, and political justice and to minimize inequalities in income, status, facilities and opportunities. (Art 38)
  • to secure (a) the right to adequate means of livelihood for all citizens; (b) the equitable distribution of material resources of the community for common good; (c) prevention of concentration of wealth and means of production; (d) equal pay for equal work for men and women; (e) preservation of the health and strength of workers and children against forcible abuse; and (f) opportunities for the healthy development of children. (Art 39)
  • to promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor. (Art 39A)
  • to secure the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement. (Art 41)
  • to make provision for just and humane conditions for work and maternity relief. (Art 42)
  • to secure a living wage, a decent standard of living and social and cultural opportunities for all workers. (Art 43)
  • to take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries. (Art 43A)
  • to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living of people and to improve public health. (Art 47)
• The Gandhian Principles:
  • Based on Gandhian ideology, these include
    • organizing village Panchayats and endowing them with necessary powers and authority to enable them to function as units of self-government. (Art 40)
    • promoting cottage industries on an individual or co-operation basis in rural areas. (Art 43)
    • promoting voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control, and professional management of co-operative societies. (Art 43B)
    • promoting the educational and economic interests of SCs, STs and other weaker sections of the society and protecting them from social injustice and exploitation. (Art 46)
    • prohibiting the consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs which are injurious to health. (Art 47)
    • prohibiting the slaughter of cows, calves and other milch and drought cattle and improving their breeds. (Art 48)
• Liberal-Intellectual Principles:
  • These principles represent the ideology of liberalism and direct the state to
    • secure for all citizens a uniform civil code. (Art 44)
    • to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of 6 years. (Art 45)
    • to organise agricultural and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines. (Art 48)
    • to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wildlife. (Art 48A)
    • to protect monuments, places and objects of artistic or historic interest which are declared to be of national importance. (Art 49)
    • to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the state. (Art 50)
    • to promote international peace and security and maintain just and honourable relations between nations; to foster respect for international law and treaty obligations, and to encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration. (Art 51)

The correct answer is 122.

• The Ministry of Environment will implement National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) across 122 cities in the country to reduce air pollution.
• NCAP targets to achieve 20 to 30 % reduction in PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations by 2024 across the country.
• The number of good quality air days has increased to 218 in 2020 against 106 in 2016, and the number of poor quality air days decreased to 56 in 2020.