Question Discussion & Solution

The teaching method is a way to put theory in practice with the help of principles, pedagogy, and management strategies. It helps the teachers to plan and present the lesson coherently.

• There are various kinds of teaching methods in fashion to facilitate learning and 'Project Method' is one of them. 

Key Points

• Project teaching method is associated with W.H. Killpatrick.  
• The Project method emphasizes active learning by association and mutual co-operation of a group of peers to complete a specific project effectively.

Characteristics of Project Method:

• Relates learning with real-life.

• Promotes learners' active participation.
• Develops abstract and concrete scientific skills.

• Encourages the application of practical knowledge.
• Ensures learners' individual and collective development.

Hence, it could be concluded that the Project method is associated with Kilpatrick.

Additional Information 

Learning disability refers to the neurological disorder that causes cognitive impairment. Dyslexia (inability to read), dysgraphia (inability to write), dyscalculia (inability to calculate), etc are examples of learning disabilities. 

Key Points

• Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): It is a type of developmental or behavioural disorder whose essential feature is a persistent pattern of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity that is more frequent and severe than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development.

Typical Behaviours Associated with ADHD are:

• Poorly sustained attention in all situations
• Diminished persistence in tasks not having immediate consequences
• Impulsivity
• More active or restless than normal children
• Difficulty in adhering to the rules and regulations

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that the full form of ADHD is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

• Cognitive domains: In this domain, a child deals with knowledge and hence, learns to create, evaluate, analyze, apply, understand, remember.

• Affective domains: When it comes to growth in emotional areas, this domain comes into play. It includes receiving, responding, valuing, organizing, and characterising.
• Psychomotor domains: These domains are nothing but manual or physical skills. It deals with physical coordination, movements, and motor skills. It includes imitation, manipulation, precision, articulation, and naturalization.

Hence, we conclude that 'characterising' is not the part of cognitive domain but affective domain.

Socialization is the process through which communities transact or educate their members about the norms and values of society to be socially acceptable.

• It simply refers to acquire the socially approved ways of behavior and to take ideal expectations seriously.
• Socialization is the continuous process of negotiating identities and shaping one’s concept of self, identity, various attitudes, and behaviors. 
• Socialization has 4 major agents namely family, school, peers, and mass media. 

Key Points 

Types of Socialization:

• Primary Socialization: 
• It happens during infancy and childhood. It refers to the process where the child becomes socialized through the family in the early childhood years. 
  • This highlights that the key agent in the process of primary socialization is the family.
  • For example, a very young child in a family has little knowledge of his culture. It is through the family that the child gets to know what is accepted and what is not in a particular society.
• Secondary Socialization: 
• It occurs once the infant passes into the childhood phase and continues into maturity. It refers to the process that begins in the later years through agencies such as school and peer groups. 
  • During this phase more than the family, some other agents of socialization like the school and peers’ group begin to play a role in socializing the child.
  • For example, Schools help children in learning the importance of social cohesion and unity and inculcating the informal cues about social roles through interaction.

Hence, it could be concluded that the statement 'School is a secondary socialization agent and family is a primary socialization agent' is correct in the context of socialization of children.

The objectives of teaching environmental studies are to create awareness about environmental problems among children and impart basic knowledge about the environment and its allied problems.

Key Points

• Environmental education focuses on studying the interactions between humans and the environment.
• The main objective is solving real-world problems like pollution, deforestation, waste production, or global warming.
• A teacher, therefore, plays an important role in providing environmental awareness and developing a positive attitude and perception towards the environment among students.
• It aims to develop cognitive, affective, and psychomotor, or cognitive domains simultaneously.
• So, the teacher should focus more on the perception of children i.e., he should focus on how they learn and build their concepts by actively interacting with their environment.
• It will help teachers understand how their decisions and actions affect the environment, builds the knowledge and skills necessary. 

Thus, it is clear above that the main focus of environmental studies is to change the attitude and perceptions of children.