Question Discussion & Solution

The correct answer is Directive Principles of State Policy.

Key Points

• The Constitution itself declares that the Directive Principles of State Policy are fundamental to the governance of the country.
• These are the constitutional instructions or recommendations to the State in legislative, executive, and administrative matters.
• Hence option 3 is correct.

​​Additional Information

• Socialistic Principles:
  • to promote the welfare of the people by securing a social order permeated by social, economic, and political justice and to minimize inequalities in income, status, facilities and opportunities. (Art 38)
  • to secure (a) the right to adequate means of livelihood for all citizens; (b) the equitable distribution of material resources of the community for common good; (c) prevention of concentration of wealth and means of production; (d) equal pay for equal work for men and women; (e) preservation of the health and strength of workers and children against forcible abuse; and (f) opportunities for the healthy development of children. (Art 39)
  • to promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor. (Art 39A)
  • to secure the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement. (Art 41)
  • to make provision for just and humane conditions for work and maternity relief. (Art 42)
  • to secure a living wage, a decent standard of living and social and cultural opportunities for all workers. (Art 43)
  • to take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries. (Art 43A)
  • to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living of people and to improve public health. (Art 47)
• The Gandhian Principles:
  • Based on Gandhian ideology, these include
    • organizing village Panchayats and endowing them with necessary powers and authority to enable them to function as units of self-government. (Art 40)
    • promoting cottage industries on an individual or co-operation basis in rural areas. (Art 43)
    • promoting voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control, and professional management of co-operative societies. (Art 43B)
    • promoting the educational and economic interests of SCs, STs and other weaker sections of the society and protecting them from social injustice and exploitation. (Art 46)
    • prohibiting the consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs which are injurious to health. (Art 47)
    • prohibiting the slaughter of cows, calves and other milch and drought cattle and improving their breeds. (Art 48)
• Liberal-Intellectual Principles:
  • These principles represent the ideology of liberalism and direct the state to
    • secure for all citizens a uniform civil code. (Art 44)
    • to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of 6 years. (Art 45)
    • to organise agricultural and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines. (Art 48)
    • to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wildlife. (Art 48A)
    • to protect monuments, places and objects of artistic or historic interest which are declared to be of national importance. (Art 49)
    • to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public services of the state. (Art 50)
    • to promote international peace and security and maintain just and honourable relations between nations; to foster respect for international law and treaty obligations, and to encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitration. (Art 51)

The correct answer is Chairman of the Council of State.

Key Points

• National human rights commission
  • It is a statutory body established on 12th October 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Act 1993.
  • The Act also provides for the creation of the State Human Rights Commission as well.
  • Composition
    • The chairperson is retired chief justice of India or a judge of the Supreme Court.
  • They are appointed by the President on the recommendations of a six-member committee consisting of
    • Prime Minister (head)
    • Speaker of the Lok Sabha
    • Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha
    • Leaders of the Opposition in both the Houses of Parliament
    • Union Home Minister.
  • Term and removal
    • They hold office for a term of three years or until they attain the age of 70 years, whichever is earlier.
    • The President can remove them from the office under specific circumstances.

Additional Information

• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948.
  • It is a milestone declaration in the history of human rights that sets out, for the first time, fundamental human rights to be universally protected.
  • Human Rights Day is observed every year on 10 December, which is the anniversary of the UDHR.
  • In due time the growing importance of strengthening national human rights institutions has been recognized and in 1991, a UN meeting in Paris has developed a detailed set of principles i.e. Paris Principles.
  • These principles became the foundation for the establishment and operation of National Human Rights Institutions.
  • In pursuant to these principles, India has enacted the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, with a view to bringing about greater accountability and strengthening of human rights in the country.
  • This act also authorized State Governments to establish State Human Rights Commission.

The correct answer is Tamil Nadu.

Key Points

• Bicameralism is the practice of having a legislature divided into two separate assemblies, chambers, or houses, known as a bicameral legislature. 
• Bicameralism is distinguished from unicameralism, in which all members deliberate and vote as a single group.
• There are only 6 states which have two houses (SLC + SLA) those are - Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra.
• Article 168 states the Bicameralism in the states.
• Article 169 states that State Legislative Council can be created or abolished.

Additional Information

• Article 153 states that there shall be Governor for each State.
• Schedule 4 of the Indian Constitution states the allocation of Seats in Rajya Sabha to states and Union Territory.
• Maximum members in Rajya Sabha are from Uttar Pradesh (31).
• Minimum members in Rajya Sabha are from Goa, Sikkim, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Lakshadweep (1 from each).
• Article 170 states the State Legislative Assemble can have maximum member up to 500 in one state. 

The correct answer is (A) - (2), (B) - (3), (C) - (1), (D) - (4)

Key Points

The correct answer is Part IVA.

Key Points

• Part IVA
  • Part IVA of the Indian Constitution relates to Fundamental Duties and is given in article-51 (a).
  • Fundamental Duties are taken from the Constitution of Russia.
  • The Fundamental Duties of citizens were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 on behalf of the Swaran Singh Committee recommendations.
  • These duties tell us of the national aims & the basic models of political order and they also motivate us to learn a sense of social responsibility.
  • Originally, the Constitution of India did not contain fundamental duties but today we have 11 fundamental duties.
  • Fundamental duties are applicable only to citizens and not to the aliens.
  • India borrowed the concept of Fundamental Duties from the USSR.