Question Discussion & Solution

The correct answer is Iqbal.

Key Points

• “Sare Jahan Se Acha Hindustan Hamara” is informally rated as the 'National Song' of India.
  • The song was written by the famous poet Muhammad Iqbal in 1905 and was first read in Government College, Lahore.
  • It is included in Iqbal's work 'Bang-e-Dara'.​

Additional Information

• Rabindranath Tagore-
  • He was a poet, novelist, playwright, painter, and philosopher.
  • Rabindranath Tagore was the first person from Asia to receive the Nobel Prize.
  • Rabindranath Tagore was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1913, a year after the publication of 'Gitanjali'.
• ​Muhammad Ali Jinnah-
  • He was a prominent leader of British India and also president of the Muslim league.
  • Muhammad Ali Jinnah became known as 'Qaiday Azam' (great leader).
• Sarojini Naidu -
  • She was a well-known Bengali poetess.
  • Sarojini Naidu was called 'Bharat Nightingale'.
  • Sarojini Naidu was one of the best national leaders of India.
  • She was always ahead in the Indian freedom struggle and appeared with Gandhiji.

The correct answer is the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Key Points

• Gandhiji's call for breaking Salt Laws was in response to the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• The Salt Satyagraha was initiated by Mahatma Gandhi against the salt tax that was imposed by the British Government in India.
• The Salt Satyagraha was started on 12 March 1930 to 5 April 1930.
•  The defiance of the salt law was followed by the spread of the Civil Disobedience Movement all over the country.
• The Civil Disobedience Movement was started on 6 April 1930.
• Dandi March and Salt Satyagraha:
  • Gandhi, along with a band of seventy-eight members of Sabarmati Ashram, was to march from his headquarters in Ahmedabad through the villages of Gujarat for 240 miles. On reaching the coast at Dandi, the salt law was to be violated by collecting salt from the beach.

• ​Some features of the Civil Disobedience Movement - 

  • Boycott of foreign-made cloth and liquor shops.
  • Refusal by peasants to pay revenue and chowkidar taxes.
  • Violation of forest law by grazing animals in the reserved forest.
  • Deliberately breaking unjust laws like salt tax law.

Additional Information 

• The Non-cooperation Movement was started on 1 August 1920.
• Khilafat Movement was led by Shaukat Ali and Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar in 1919.:
  • The Khilafat Movement (1919):
  • It brought the Muslims & the Hindus on a common platform against the British administration.
  • It was one of the most important causes of the Non - Cooperation Movement. 
  • The Indian Muslims regarded the Sultan of Turkey as the Caliph.
• Quit India Movement:​
  • The iconic 'Quit India' slogan was coined by socialist Congress leader and lesser-known hero of the Indian National movement Yusuf Meher Ali in 1942.
  • He was the founder of National Militia, Bombay youth League, and the Congress Socialist Party.
  • On 8th August 1942, Mahatma Gandhi gave a clarion call to end British rule and launched the Quit India Movement at the session of the All-India Congress Committee in Mumbai.
  • Also known as the India August Movement or August Kranti.
  • The movement gave the slogans ‘Quit India’ or ‘Bharat Chodo’. Gandhi gave the slogan to the people – ‘Do or die’
  • The immediate cause of the movement was the collapse of the Cripps Mission.
  • The movement saw violence at some places which were not premeditated.
  • The Quit India movement was violently suppressed by the British – people were shot, lathi-charged, villages burnt and enormous fines imposed.

The correct answer is All of the above.

Key Points

• Ganeshwar civilization: The Ganeshwar civilization was first founded in 1977 according to historian Ratan Lal Mishra. This Ganeshwar civilization is more than 4000 years old and the estimated time period was 2500 - 2000 BCE.
  • He founded red and black pottery and thousand pieces of copper.
  • this culture is related to the pre-Harappan period and the main sources of copper nearby the Aravalli range. 
• Gilund civilization: Gilund civilization was founded in three faces divided as late, middle, & Early-Ahar-Banas.
  • Late Ahar Banas (2000 - 1700 BC)
  • Middle Ahar Banas (2500 - 2000 BC)
  • Early Ahar Banas (3000 - 2500 BC)
• Kalibangan civilization: The Kalibangan civilization is older than 4000 BC. Prof Amlanand Ghosh rediscovered the Kalibangan site in 1952. This Rajasthan civilization was the first metropolis state in India. The shreds of evidence are as follows
  • fortification walls, mud-bricks, etc.
  • Pottery, a sign of successful Harappan.
  • Outstanding discovery of plowed fields.

The correct answer is 1936 AD.

• The All India Farmers Union is also known as Akhil Bhartiya Kisan Sabha was formed in April 1936 in the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress. 

Key Points

• It is an organization that worked for the peasants and the rights of the farmers and against the feudal movement in India. 
• Sahajanand Saraswati was the first president of All India Kisan Sabha and was the founder of Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha and was also an important pillar of the Bihar Kisan Sabha Movement.
• NG Ranga was secretary of All India Kisan Sabha
• Under Rajendra Prasad, a committee was set up to study the conditions of farmers.
• The main aim of Akhil Bhartiya Kisan Sabha was to abolish the zamindari system, institutionalize credit, and reduce land revenue.

The correct answer is Mauryan Empire.

Key Points

• In the Mauryan empire Kautilya refers to two types of courts :
  • Dharmasthiyas (dealt with civil matters).
  • Kantakasodhana(dealt with criminal matters).

Additional Information

• Mauryan Empire (321 BCE - 185 BCE):
  • Chandragupta Maurya (321 BCE - 297 BCE):
    • Founder of the Maurya Dynasty and credited with the setting up of the first (nearly) pan-Indian empire.
    • Known as Sandrakottos to the Greeks and Androkottus by Aerian and Plutark. 
    • William Jones was the 1st scholar who recognized Sandrokottos as Chandragupta Maurya.
    • Kautilya mentored Chandragupta and prepared him for a takeover of Magadha.
    • Set up a vast centralized empire (details of whose functioning, society, military, and economy are well preserved in Kautilya's Arthashastra).
    • Defeated the invading army of the Eastern part of Alexander's empire Seleucus (305 BCE).​
    • Megasthenese was a Greek ambassador sent to the court of Chandragupta Maurya.
    • Chandragupta in his later years accepted Jainism.
      • Accompanied Bhadrabahu to Karnataka and later died by following the ritual of sallekhana, i.e., fasting till death. 
  • Bindusara (297 BCE - 273 BCE):
    • 2nd Mauryan Emperor of India and he was the son of Chandragupta Maurya.
    • Known as Amitrochates to the Greeks. In Jain texts, he was known as Simhasena.
    • Antiochus sent Deimachus as an ambassador to Bindusara's court.
    • Chanakya also remained the chief advisor of Bindusara.
    • Bindusara was an able monarch who was successful in consolidating the empire established by his father.
    • Bindusara patronized the Ajivikas.
  •  Ashoka the Great (268 BCE - 232 BCE):
    • 3rd king of the Mauryan Empire.
    • He was known for:
      • Renunciation of war after the Kalinga war.
      • Development of the concept of Dhamma (pious social conduct, welfare of humanity).
      • Promotion of Buddhism. 
      • Effective reign of a nearly pan-Indian political entity.
    • Under Ashoka, the Mauryan Empire stretched from modern-day Iran through almost the entirety of the Indian subcontinent.
    • Ashoka initially rules this vast empire through the political treatise's precepts known as the Arthashastra.
    • In his inscriptions, he was called Devanampriya or Devanapiyadasi.​
    • Most of the inscriptions were written in Prakrit language in Brahmi script except only two which were in Kharoshti script.
    • In 1837, James Prinsep become the 1st scholar who deciphered Ashoka's inscription.
  • Brihadratha:
    • Last Mauryan ruler.
    • Assassinated by Pushyamitra Sunga and established his own Sunga dynasty.