Question Discussion & Solution

The correct answer is Mohenjodaro

• The Indus Civilization was mainly spread over Sindh, Baluchistan, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Western U.P and Northern Maharashtra.
•  Historians generally believe that the Harappa-Ghaggar-Mohenjodaro axis represents the heartland of the Indus Civilization.
• Mohenjodaro (Nakhlistan i.e Oasis of Sindh) developed in the valley of river Indus, in the Larkana district of Sindh in Pakistan was excavated by Rakhal Das Bannerji (1922), Mackay (1927), Wheeler (1930).

Key Points

• The Indus Valley Civilization was spread from present-day North-East Afghanistan to Pakistan and North-West India. The civilization flourished in the river basins of the Ghaggar-Hakra river and the Indus. Indus valley civilization is one of the four oldest civilizations in the world. It is also known as Harappan Civilization and is well-known for its organized planning based on the grid system. Important facts to be remembered.
• John Marshall was the first researcher to use the term, ‘Indus Valley Civilization’.
• Indus Valley Civilization spread from the year 2500 – 1750 BC according to radio-carbon dating.
• The most distinctive feature of the Harappan Civilization was its urbanization.
• Moreover, sheep and goats, dogs, humped cattle buffalo, and elephants were domesticated in the Indus Valley Civilization.
• The capital cities are Mohenjodaro and Harappa.
• The port cities are Sutkagendor, Balakot, Lothal, Allahdino, and Kuntasi.
• The Indus valley people were well-acquainted with the use of both cotton and wool.

Additional Information

• Name of the major cities are given below:
  • Mohenjodaro (Sind)-It is located on the right bank of the Indus.
  • Kalibangan (Rajasthan)-It was on the banks of the river Ghaggar river.
  • Chanhudaro - It lies on the left bank of the Indus in the south of Mohenjodaro.
  • Lothal(Gujarat) - It is located at the head of the Gulf of Cambay.
  • Surkotada (Gujarat) - It is at the head of the Rann of Kutch.
  • Banawali (Haryana) - It was situated on the banks of the now-extinct Sarasvati.
  • Dholavira (Gujarat) - It excavated is in the Kutch district.
• Social features-
  • Indus valley civilization is the first urbanization in India.
  • It has a well-planned drainage system, grid pattern, and town planning.
  • They have possessed equality in society.
• Religious Facts-
  • Matridevi or Shakti is the Mother goddess.
  • Yoni worship and Nature worship existed.
  • They worshipped trees like Peepal.
  • People also worshipped Fire worship called Havan Kund.
  • Pashupati Mahadeva is known as the lord of Animals.
  • The people of the Indus Valley Civilization worshipped Animal worship like unicorns and ox.
• Economic facts-
  • Indus valley civilization is based on agriculture.
  • Trade and commerce flourished in this period.
  • A dockyard has been found at Lothal.
  • There were export and import.
  • Production of cotton was there.
  • There was also the unit of measurement.
  • Weights and measures of truth that existed in Harappan culture were seen at Lothal.
  • The weights were made of limestone, steatite, etc. and were usually cubical in shape.

The correct answer is Nagar.

Key Points

• Nagar Civilization's ancient name was Malav Province.
  • It was excavated by Dr N.K. Puri.
  • It is situated in Uniyara, Tonk.
  • Malav, Ahar coins, and Gupta's time text was also found there.
  • At present, it is known as the Kheda civilization.

Additional Information

• Nainwa civilization was excavated by Shri Krishan Dev.
  • Mahisasur Mardini terracotta statue was also found there.
• Kurada civilization excavation gave evidence about copper tools.
  • It is also known as a city of tools.
• Naliyasar civilization was excavated by Handle.
  • It is situated in Sambhar, Jaipur.
  • It gives information about the Pratihar time's temple and before the Chauhan era.

• Western India or Malwa region was covered under the Avanti Mahajanapada.
• The capital of the kingdom was Mahishmati and Ujjaini.
• Northern capital was Ujjaini, while southern capital was Mahishmati.

The correct answer is All of the above.

Key Points

• Ganeshwar civilization: The Ganeshwar civilization was first founded in 1977 according to historian Ratan Lal Mishra. This Ganeshwar civilization is more than 4000 years old and the estimated time period was 2500 - 2000 BCE.
  • He founded red and black pottery and thousand pieces of copper.
  • this culture is related to the pre-Harappan period and the main sources of copper nearby the Aravalli range. 
• Gilund civilization: Gilund civilization was founded in three faces divided as late, middle, & Early-Ahar-Banas.
  • Late Ahar Banas (2000 - 1700 BC)
  • Middle Ahar Banas (2500 - 2000 BC)
  • Early Ahar Banas (3000 - 2500 BC)
• Kalibangan civilization: The Kalibangan civilization is older than 4000 BC. Prof Amlanand Ghosh rediscovered the Kalibangan site in 1952. This Rajasthan civilization was the first metropolis state in India. The shreds of evidence are as follows
  • fortification walls, mud-bricks, etc.
  • Pottery, a sign of successful Harappan.
  • Outstanding discovery of plowed fields.

The correct answer is Sawai Pratap Singh.

Key Points

• Sawai Pratap Singh-
  • He was the son of Madho Singh I.
  • He faced the maximum number of Maratha attacks during his reign.
  • The Tunga battle was fought between him and Mahadji Scindia in 1787 AD.
  • Patan battle was also fought between him and Mahadji Scindia in 1790 AD.
  • He was also a poet, he used to write poems in the name of Brijnidhi.
  • His poems were compiled in Brijnidhi Granthavali.
  • He sheltered Vanshidhar Bhatt and encouraged Tamasha folk theatre.
  • In his court, there was a congregation of 22 musicians and scholars known as Gandharva Baisi.
  • Hawa Mahal was built by him in 1799 AD.

Additional Information

• Mirza Raja Jai Singh-
  • He was the son of Man Singh I.
  • He served three Mughal kings (Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb).
  • He received the title of Mirza Raja from Shah Jahan when he was going for the Gandhara campaign.
  • His first campaign was against Malik Ambar of Ahmed Nagar in 1623 AD.
  • In the Battle of Dharmat (1658 AD), he sided with Darashikoh against Aurangzeb.
  • In 1665 AD, he signed a treaty with Shivaji, known as the Treaty of Purandar.
  • The foreign Manuchi has described this eye-sight treaty.
• Jagat Singh II-
  • He became ruler after Sawai Pratap Singh.
  • He fought the Gingoli battle with Jodhpur due to the Krishna Kumari marriage dispute.
  • He did a treaty with the East India Company in 1818 AD.
• Madho Singh I-
  • He became ruler after Ishwari Singh.
  • In his reign, Jaipur's civilians murdered Maratha army men.
  • He established Sawai Madhopur city in 1763 AD.
  • He fought the Kakod battle with Malhar Rav Holkar.
  • He built alike nine palaces for his nine queens in the Nahargarh fort.