Question Discussion & Solution

The correct answer is the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Key Points

• Gandhiji's call for breaking Salt Laws was in response to the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• The Salt Satyagraha was initiated by Mahatma Gandhi against the salt tax that was imposed by the British Government in India.
• The Salt Satyagraha was started on 12 March 1930 to 5 April 1930.
•  The defiance of the salt law was followed by the spread of the Civil Disobedience Movement all over the country.
• The Civil Disobedience Movement was started on 6 April 1930.
• Dandi March and Salt Satyagraha:
  • Gandhi, along with a band of seventy-eight members of Sabarmati Ashram, was to march from his headquarters in Ahmedabad through the villages of Gujarat for 240 miles. On reaching the coast at Dandi, the salt law was to be violated by collecting salt from the beach.

• ​Some features of the Civil Disobedience Movement - 

  • Boycott of foreign-made cloth and liquor shops.
  • Refusal by peasants to pay revenue and chowkidar taxes.
  • Violation of forest law by grazing animals in the reserved forest.
  • Deliberately breaking unjust laws like salt tax law.

Additional Information 

• The Non-cooperation Movement was started on 1 August 1920.
• Khilafat Movement was led by Shaukat Ali and Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar in 1919.:
  • The Khilafat Movement (1919):
  • It brought the Muslims & the Hindus on a common platform against the British administration.
  • It was one of the most important causes of the Non - Cooperation Movement. 
  • The Indian Muslims regarded the Sultan of Turkey as the Caliph.
• Quit India Movement:​
  • The iconic 'Quit India' slogan was coined by socialist Congress leader and lesser-known hero of the Indian National movement Yusuf Meher Ali in 1942.
  • He was the founder of National Militia, Bombay youth League, and the Congress Socialist Party.
  • On 8th August 1942, Mahatma Gandhi gave a clarion call to end British rule and launched the Quit India Movement at the session of the All-India Congress Committee in Mumbai.
  • Also known as the India August Movement or August Kranti.
  • The movement gave the slogans ‘Quit India’ or ‘Bharat Chodo’. Gandhi gave the slogan to the people – ‘Do or die’
  • The immediate cause of the movement was the collapse of the Cripps Mission.
  • The movement saw violence at some places which were not premeditated.
  • The Quit India movement was violently suppressed by the British – people were shot, lathi-charged, villages burnt and enormous fines imposed.

The correct answer is All the above.

Additional Information 

• In 1927, the All India States People’s Conference was held in Bombay after which the congress allowed people from the different Princely States to join the party and the Indian Freedom Struggle.
• In 1927 itself, the Akhil Bhartiya Desi Rajya Lok Parishad or All India Native States Public Council was established in Bombay and Vijay Singh Pathik became its chairperson.
• In Rajasthan, Rajputana Desi Lok Parishad or Rajputana Native States Public Council was established.
• These councils laid the foundation for the Praja Mandal movement in Rajasthan.
• Nature of the Praja Mandal Movements:
  • The people of Praja Mandal fought against Feudalism and colonialism.
  • The people of the Praja Mandal movement fought against their feudal princes and the British administration simultaneously for their rights.
  • The main demand of the Praja Mandal movements was democratic (fundamental) rights.

The correct answer is Surat

Key Points

• The East India Company arrived first at Surat, India in 1608 in the ship Hector commanded by William Hawkins.
• The British established their first Indian factory at Surat (1612).
• Within a few years had established a permanent factory there.
• Surat was the port used by the textile manufacturers of Gujrat and was the most important center for the overseas trade of the Mughal Empire.
• A factory was eventually established at Surat in 1612 when the Portuguese fleet was defeated by the English.

Additional Information

• Cochin: The earliest account of Cochin is derived from the records made by the Chinese traveler, Ma Huan.
  • At the beginning of the XVI century, Cochin was the seat of the Portuguese in India, including the time of the capture of Goa in 1510.
  • Cochin was the first princely state to join India willingly after Independence.
• Calicut: Vasco da Gama sailed on a mission to reach India and open a sea route from Europe to the East.
  • He made numerous stops in Africa before reaching Calicut in 1498.

The correct answer is (A) - (2), (B) - (4), (C) - (1), (D) - (3).

Key Points

• Prathana Samaj was founded by Atmaram Pandurang in Bombay in 1867.
• Servants of Indian Society was founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in 1905.
• Bombay Presidency Association was founded by Pheroz Shah Mehta in 1885.
• Theosophical Society was founded by Madam Blavatsky in 1875.

Additional Information 

Pherozeshah Mehta

• Pherozeshah Mehta is also known as the 'Father of Municipal Government in India'.
• He was one of the founding members of the Indian National Congress.
• He was the president of the Calcutta Session of INC in 1890.
• Mehta was appointed as Vice-Chancellor of Bombay University in 1910.
• He founded the Bombay Presidency Association in 1885.
• He helped found the Central Bank of India, financed and controlled by Indian interests in 1911.

Atmaram Pandurang

• Prathana Samaj was founded by Atmaram Pandurang in Bombay in 1867.
• He was one of the two Indian co-founders of the Bombay Natural History Society.
• Atmaram Pandurang served briefly as sheriff of Bombay in 1879.

Gopala Krishna Gokhale

• Gopala Krishna Gokhale is popularly known as the 'Socrates of Maharashtra'.
• He is the founder of 'Servants of Indian Society' in 1905.
• The political Guru of Gokhale was M. G. Ranade.
• He was the President of the Benarus Session of INC in 1905.
• Gandhiji regarded him as the Political Guru.
• Tilak called Gokhale the 'Diamond of India'.

Madame Blavatsky

• Helena Petrovna Blavatsky often known as Madame Blavatsky
• Madame Blavatsky was a Russian philosopher.
• She gained an international following as the leading theoretician of Theosophy.
• Theosophical Society was co-founded by Madam Blavatsky in 1875.

The correct answer is Mohan Singh.

Key Points

• In the Bangkok conference, a Council of Action to control and guide the whole movement was formed and Rashbehari Bose was elected as the president of the council. Mohan Singh was appointed as the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian National Army at this conference. Hence option 1 is correct.
• Subhash Chandra Bose reached Japanese-controlled Singapore from Germany in July 1943, issued from there his famous call, ‘Delhi Chalo’, and announced the formation of the Azad Hind Government and the Indian National Army on 21st October 1943.

Additional Information

• The INA was first formed under Mohan Singh and Japanese Major Iwaichi Fujiwara and comprised Indian prisoners of war of the British-Indian Army captured by Japan in the Malayan (present-day Malaysia) campaign and at Singapore.
• The INA included both, the Indian prisoners of war from Singapore and Indian civilians in South-East Asia. Its strength grew to 50,000.
• The INA fought allied forces in 1944 inside the borders of India in Imphal and Burma.
• However, with the fall of Rangoon, Azad Hind Government ceased to be an effective political entity.
• In November 1945 a British move to put the INA men on trial immediately sparked massive demonstrations all over the country.