Question Discussion & Solution

The correct answer is Mahavamsa

• History of Buddhist Snaga which is a part of Mahavamsa contains text about Ashoka.
• Mahavamsa is written in the form of poem, which is divided into 4 parts. 

Ashoka:

• Ashoka is referred as Buddhsakya in Maski Inscription and Dharmakosa in his Sarnath Inscription.
• He was known as Devampiya i.e. beloved oof Goda, and as Piyadassi i.e. of pleasing appearance.
• Ashoka believed in the policy of Dhamma.
• Ashoka's visit to Lumbini and exemption of Lumbini from tax was mentioned in Rumminidei Pillar Inscription.
• The Kandhar Inscription speaks about the success of his policy with the hunters and fishermen.
• Nigalisagar Pillar Inscription: It mentions that Ashoka increased the height of the stupa of Buddha Konakamana to its double size.

• In 1921, Daya Ram Sahni unearthed the civilisation of Harappa in Montgomery district of Punjab province of British India.
• The Vedic name of Ravi river was Parushni.
• Archaeological findings in Harappa were Granaries in a row, Clay figures of Mother Goddess, Copper scale, Stone symbols of Lingam, etc.

The correct answer is Jadayal Kayashion.

• The rebellion forces of Kota revolted under the leadership of two any officers:
  • Mehrab Khan
  • Jadaya Kayashion.
• Lala Jayadayal was a famous revolutionary of the First War of Indian Independence of 1857.

Key Points

• On 15 October 1857, Kota led a revolution against the British in the state. 
  • Major Burton was killed in this and the Residency was occupied by the revolutionaries. 
• On 17 September 1860, Lala Jayadayal and Mehrab Khan were hanged near the quota agency side at the same place where they killed Major Burton.
  • In this way, two fervent patriots became immortal in the freedom struggle.
  • His place of sacrifice is still present in Kota but is still neglected.

• Burzahom archaeological sites have evidence of pit-dwellings.
• It is located in the Kashmir Valley of the Indian state Jammu and Kashmir.
• As per the archeological excavations, there were four phases of cultural significance between 3000 BC to 1000BC.
• Periods I and II relate to the Neolithic era, Period III relates to the Megalithic era, and IV relates to the early historical period.
• The Burzahom site revealed the transition from the subterranean and ground-level housing features of the Neolithic people to the mudbrick structures of the Megalithic people.

​​Additional Information

• Paleolithic: 
  • It is the earliest Stone age period dating 2.6 million years ago.
  • The age is distinguished by most primitive stone tools. Humans during the era grouped together in small “bands” and were involved in gathering plants, fishing, and hunting.
  • The paleolithic period is the longest in human history.
  • The age can be divided into lower Paleolithic, Middle Paleolithic, and Upper Paleolithic. 
  • During the end of the age, people developed spiritual and religious beliefs as depicted in some of the excavations.
• Mesolithic: It is the second period of the stone age between Paleolithic and Neolithic. The start and end of the age vary by geographical region. It is a transition period from hunting and gathering as in Paleolithic to domestication as in Neolithic. The tools used were the mode V chipped stone tools (microliths).
• Neolithic: It is the 3rd period of the stone age and is often referred to as the “New stone age”. Its time period is considered to be around 10,200 BC to 4,500BC, which ended with the beginning of the “Bronze Age”.
• Megalithic: It is a small tool made up of flint or chert, used to form the points of hunting weapons.

​The correct answer is 1739.

• In 1739 Nadir Shah invaded India and sacked Delhi.
  • The Battle of Karnal, was a decisive victory for Nader Shah, the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Iran, during his invasion of India.
  • Nadir Shah advanced towards India in 1738. He captured the western frontiers of the Mughal Empire such as Kabul, Ghazni, Lahore in 1739.
  • The two forces of Nadir Shah and Muhammad Shah met at Karnal. At the battle of Karnal on 13 February 1739, Nadir Shah easily outnumbered the Mughal forces.
  • The battle lasted for less than three hours and the Mughal emperor, Muhammad Shah surrendered. Both the rulers now entered Delhi on 12 March 1739 and Delhi was handed over to Nadir Shah, along with all its treasures.
  • In 1739, Nadir Shah, the emperor of Iran, conquered and enslaved the city of Delhi and took away immense quantities of money.
  • Shah's army had easily defeated the Mughals in the battle of Karnal and in the aftermath of the battle, would eventually capture the Mughal Capital.

Key Points

• The whole city of Delhi was destroyed, looted, plundered, and ruined by the army of Nadir Shah.
• Nadir Shah took with him the Peacock throne built by Shah Jahan. He also took the legendary Koh-i-Noor diamond.
• Besides this, he plundered gold worth 10 million rupees, 600 million rupees worth of jewellery, and coins worth 6 million rupees.
• Historians said that his overall collection after invading India, was 700 million rupees worth, including 7000 craftsmen, 200 carpenters, 100 stone-cutters, and thousands of elephants, horses, and camels, which he took with him to Persia.

Additional Information

• Nader Shah Afshar was the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Iran and one of the most powerful Iranian rulers in Iranian history.
• He was born on  22 November 1688 in Dargaz, Safavid Iran.
• In the spring of 1730, Nader attacked Iran's archrival the Ottomans and regained most of the territory lost during the recent chaos. At the same time, the Abdali Afghans rebelled and besieged Mashhad, forcing Nader to suspend his campaign and save his brother, Ebrahim.