Question Discussion & Solution

Artificial Intelligence (AI):

• Intelligent digital personal assistants like Siri, Google Now, Cortana, Alexa are all powered by AI.
• The phrase artificial intelligence is coined at the "Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence."
• Led by John McCarthy, the conference, which defined the scope and goals of AI, is widely considered to be the birth of artificial intelligence as we know it today.
• Artificial Intelligence endeavors to simulate the natural intelligence of human beings into machines, thus making them behave intelligently.
• An intelligent machine is supposed to imitate some of the cognitive functions of humans like learning, decision-making, and problem-solving.
• In order to make machines perform tasks with minimum human intervention, they are programmed to create a knowledge base and make decisions based on it.
• AI systems can also learn from past experiences or outcomes to make new decisions.
• Artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems.
• Specific applications of AI include expert systems, natural language processing, speech recognition, and machine vision.
• Machine Learning is a subsystem of Artificial Intelligence, wherein computers have the ability to learn from data using statistical techniques, without being explicitly programmed by a human being.
• Sophia is a humanoid that uses artificial intelligence, visual data processing, facial recognition and also imitates human gestures and facial expressions.

Hence, artificial intelligence endeavors to simulate the natural intelligence of human beings into machines.

• Virtual Reality (VR) is a three-dimensional, computer-generated situation that simulates the real world. The user can interact with and explore that environment by getting immersed in it while interacting with the objects and other actions of the user.
• The superimposition of computer-generated perceptual information over the existing physical surroundings is called Augmented Reality (AR). It adds components of the digital world to the physical world, along with the associated tactile and other sensory requirements, thereby making the environment interactive and digitally manipulable.
• A drone is an unmanned aircraft that can be remotely controlled or can fly autonomously through software-controlled flight plans in their embedded systems, working in conjunction with onboard sensors and GPS

The correct answer is Machine Language.

Key Points

• Low-level languages are also known as Machine Language.
• A low-level programming language is a programming language that provides little or no abstraction from a computer's instruction set architecture commands or functions in the language map closely to processor instructions.
• Generally, this refers to either machine code or assembly language.

Additional Information

• Examples of low-level programming languages:
  • C and C++ are now considered low-level languages because they have no automatic memory management. 
• Low-level languages were developed first, and high-level languages came along later.
• High-level languages are more easily understood by humans mostly coding languages like Java.

The correct answer is Router.

• The Router is not an operating system.

Key Points

• An operating system is software that performs all the basic tasks like file management, memory management, process management, handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
• A router is a physical or virtual appliance that passes information between two or more packet-switched computer networks.
• A router inspects a given data packet's destination Internet Protocol address (IP address), calculates the best way for it to reach its destination, and then forwards it accordingly.
• It is a common type of gateway. It is positioned where two or more networks meet at each point of presence on the internet. 
• Android, iOS, and Windows are examples of the operating system.

The correct answer is Trap doors.

The Trap doors are code that recognizes some special sequence of input or is triggered by being run from a certain user ID by an unlikely sequence of events.

Key Points

• Trap Door:
  • A trap door is a secret entry point into a program that allows anyone to gain access to any system without going through the usual security access procedures.
  • It is a method of bypassing normal authentication methods.
  • Hence it is also known as a back door.
  • It is used by the Programmers to debug and test programs. 
  • It can become a threat when any dishonest programmers gain illegal access. 

Additional Information

• A standalone malicious program that may give full control of an infected PC to another PC is called Trojan horse.
• A logic bomb is a small code that is intentionally inserted into a software system and will set off a malicious function when specified conditions are met. 
• A virus is a computer program that can change and replicates itself by modifying other computer programs and inserting its own code. 

The correct answer is Virtual memory.

Key Points

• Most modern operating systems employ a method of extending RAM capacity, known as "virtual memory".
• A portion of the computer's hard drive is set aside for a paging file or a scratch partition, and the combination of physical RAM and the paging file form the system's total memory. 
• When the system runs low on physical memory, it can "swap" portions of RAM to the paging file to make room for new data, as well as to read previously swapped information back into RAM.
• Excessive use of this mechanism results in thrashing and generally hampers overall system performance, mainly because hard drives are far slower than RAM.

Additional Information

• RAM - Random-access memory is a form of computer memory that can be read and changed in any order, typically used to store working data and machine code. 
• ROM - Read-only memory is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices.
• Types of ROM:
  • MROM (Masked ROM) 
  • PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory) 
  • EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read-Only Memory) 
  • EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read-Only Memory)