Microliths are small stone tools usually made of chert or flint. They were made by humans around 35,000 to 3,000 years ago, across Australia, Asia, Africa, and Europe.
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Who of the following was the Governor of Bengal at the time of the Battle of Buxar in 1764 ?
Correct Answer: C
The Battle of Buxar:
This war was fought in October 1764.
A war happened between the combined armies of Mir Qasim, Nawab of Bengal, the Nawab of Awadh, Shuja-ud-Daula, and the Mughal Emperor, Shah Alam II, on the one side and British counterpart was led by Hector Munro, under the direction of the British East India Company.
It was an important victory for the British East India Company.
The Treaty of Allahabad was signed in 1765 at the end of this war.
It was a historic battle that paved the way for British rule in the Bengal region.
Key PointsVansittart (1760–65) was the Governor during Battle of Buxar (1764).
Lord Robert Clive:
Governor-General of Bengal during 1757–60 and also during 1765–67.
Clive was called back to India in 1755 to ensure British supremacy in the subcontinent against the French.
In 1757, Clive along with Admiral Watson was able to recapture Calcutta from the Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah.
In the Battle of Plassey, the Nawab was defeated by the British despite having a larger force.
Clive ensured an English victory by bribing the Nawab’s army commander Mir Jaffar, who was installed as Bengal’s Nawab after the battle.
Clive was also able to capture some French forts in Bengal. As a result of this battle, the British became the paramount power in the Indian subcontinent.
Bengal became theirs and this greatly increased the company’s fortunes. This also opened up other parts of India to the British and finally led to the rise of the British Raj in India.
For this reason, Robert Clive is also known as “Conqueror of India”.
On 12 March 1930, Dandi March was undertaken from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi by Gandhiji.
To achieve the goal of Complete independence, Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) was started by Gandhiji with the Dandi March.
He started his march along with 78 followers from Sabarmati Ashram to the small village Dandi to break the Salt Law.
The march lasted from 12th March 1930 to 6th April 1930 as a direct action campaign of tax resistance and nonviolent protest against the British salt monopoly.
Additional Information
Gandhian Era:
Mahatma Gandhi was in South Africa when he was summoned by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, after which he returned to India in 1915.
The period from 1915-1948 can be construed as the ‘Gandhian era’ in Indian National Movement.
The period between 1919 to independence is marked by three important struggles –
Non-cooperation movement of 1919
Civil Disobedience movement of 1930, with its call for complete independence
The worship of Fire in the Indus Valley is proved by the discovery of the Fire altar at:
a) Surkotada
b) Alamgirpur
c) Kalibangan
d) Chanhudaro
Correct Answer: C
The correct answer is option 3 i.e., c only (Kalibangan).
The worship of Fire in the Indus Valley is proved by the discovery of the Fire altar in forts & residences at Kalibangan & Lothal.
At Surkotada, throughout, a compact citadel and residential complex have been found, but no city complex has been unearthed. The remains of horse bones were found at Surkotda.
Alamgirpur was discovered in 1974 by Punjab University which was named initially as "Parasaram-ka-Khera". It is located in Meerut district in Uttar Pradesh, India.
Chanhudaro is located in Sindh province in Pakistan which belonged to the Indus Valley Civilisation and it is considered to have been a centre for manufacturing carnelian beads.
Other important sites are:-
Indus Valley Site
Importance
Dholavira
It is the latest site which is present in Gujarat.
It was divided into 3 parts, unlike other sites that had 2 parts.
There exist a middle town apart from the lower town.
Lothal
It has an artificial Brick dockyard.
It has evidence of the earliest cultivation of Rice.
It served as a seaport for Indus Valley People.
Mohenjodaro
In Sindhi language, it means “mound of the dead”.
It is the largest of all Indus cities.
The Great Bath is also present here.
Bronze dancing girl and a seal bearing Pashupati are also found here.
It is a tiny settlement (less than 7 hectares) as compared to other Harappan sites such as Mohenjodaro (125 hectares).
The site is almost exclusively devoted to craft production, including bead-making, shell-cutting, metal-working, seal-making and weight-making.
The variety of materials used to make beads is remarkable: stones like carnelian (of a beautiful red colour), jasper, crystal, quartz and steatite; metals like copper, bronze and gold; and shell, faience, and terracotta or burnt clay.
Some beads were made of two or more stones, cemented together, some of stone with gold caps. The shapes were numerous – disc-shaped, cylindrical, spherical, barrel-shaped, segmented. Some were decorated by incising or painting, and some had designs etched onto them.
Specialized drills have been found at Chanhudaro.
There is no evidence of Iron ore extraction from Chanhudaro
Thus, according to the above explanation, Craft will be the correct answer.
