Question Discussion & Solution

Concept:

• Atoms are made up of subatomic particles - electrons protons and neutrons.
• In the center of an atom, a nucleus is present which contains protons and neutrons together known as nucleons.
• The mass of an atom is most concentrated at the center of the atom, i.e. the nucleus.

​Electrons:

• Discovered by Sir J.J Thomson in the year 1897.
• Previously named as cathode rays as they were supposed to be emitted from the cathode.
• They are deflected towards the positive side.
• They have high kinetic energy.
• They are deflected by an electric and magnetic field.
• It has a negative charge of

  \(charge=1.602\times10^{-19} coulombs \)
\(mass={1\over 1837}\times 9.107\times 10^{-28}g\)

Protons:

• Discovered by Goldstein.
• Depicted first as positive rays because it seemed to emerge from the anode.
• Mass of a proton is

 \(1.670 \times 10^{- 24}g\)

\(Charge=1.602\times 10^{-19} coulombs\)​

Explanation:

• Rutherford's discovery led to the discovery of nucleus.
• He found out that most of the mass of the nucleus is situated in its centre and contains the positively charged particles protons.
• The atom is otherwise empty and as electrons have negligible mass, the mass of an atom should be equal to the sum of mass of protons present in it.
• However, it was seen that in Helium, there are only two protons, so its mass should be twice the mass of each proton = \(2\times 1.008 a.m.u\).
• Experimental results revealed that it has a mass of 4.003a.m.u.
• Hence, it was concluded that the nucleus has particles containing no charge but mass almost equal to that of a proton.
• This was established by scientist James chadwick in 1932.

Additional Information

Rutherford's gold foil experiment: 

• He discovered the atomic nucleus and gave us an atomic model.
• He directed alpha particles towards a metal sheet.
• He saw that most of the alpha particles, which are positively charged particles, are not getting deflected.
• Most of the alpha particles emerged undeflected.

• Therefore, he concluded that most of the mass of the nucleus is situated in its centre and contains the positively charged particles protons.
• Electrons revolve around the nucleus in certain orbits.

The correct answer is View.

• Slide Master is a tool used in Microsoft PowerPoint that allows you to make changes to all cells in one go by simply adjusting the Slide Master.
• The slide master is present under the View Tab, it can be accessed by navigating to View > Master > Slide Master.
• Slide master allows you to modify background, rearrange placeholders and Customize text formatting among others.
• Each presentation has at least one slide master, but there can be more than one slide master also. 

The correct answer is the Pie Chart.

• In Ms-Excel, pie charts show percentages adding up to 100%.

​Key Points

• Pie charts
  • ​Pie charts are used to show parts of a whole.
  • Specifically, pie charts illustrate meaningful relationships between percentages or parts of 100%.
  • If the data which we want to display add up to 100%, a pie chart is the best choice.
  • When creating a pie chart, the description of each section is called the category, and the number connected to the category is called the value.

Additional Information

• Column Chart
  • ​A column chart is a graphic representation of data. 
  • Column charts display vertical bars going across the chart horizontally, with the values axis being displayed on the left side of the chart.
  • Column Charts are Used to Compare Data.
• Bar Chart
  • ​Bar graphs are used to compare things between different groups or to track changes over time.
  • A bar chart is a way of summarizing a set of categorical data (continuous data can be made categorical by auto-binning).
• Bubble Chart
  • ​Bubble charts are often used to present financial data.
  • It is an extension of the scatter plot used to look at relationships between three numeric variables.

CONCEPT:

Logic Gates:

• The logic gates are used in electronic circuits that give a certain output for a given set of Inputs.
• and which is based on a certain logic. 
• Input and output are in binary form that is 1 and 0.
• It is based on certain Logic.
• Some basic logic gates are AND gate, OR gate, NOT gate. 
• To build digital logic we develop a combination of these gates. 

AND Gate

•  If both the inputs are high, it produces a high output.
• The Boolean algebra for AND gate is X = A. B
• It means that if any of the input of A and B is zero, the output will be zero.
• If both are one, the output will be one.

The correct option is AND Gate. 

Additional Information

NOT gate:  

• It inverts the input. Whatever the input is given, it changes its value at the output.
• The Boolean algebra for NOT gate is X = X̅

The correct answer is Section 366 B.

Key Points

• A girl child can be punished under section 366B for importing a girl child from abroad.
  • Kidnapping or inducing women to compel a marriage, purchase of minor girl child and import of minor girl from abroad and punishable under Indian Penal Code Sections 366, 366A and 366B of the Indian Penal Code 1860 defined under.
  • According to section 366B of the Indian penal code, Whoever imports any girl under the age of twenty-one years from any country outside India or from the State of Jammu and Kashmir with the intention that she may be, or knowing that she may be likely to compel or seduce to have unlawful intercourse with any other person, shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.

Additional Information

• ​According to section 366A of the Indian penal code, Whoever, by any means whatsoever, induces any minor girl under the age of eighteen years to go from any place or to do any act with the intent that such girl maybe, or knowing that it is likely that she will be, forced or seduced to illicit intercourse with another person.
  • Importation of girl from a foreign country - 10 Years + Fine (Punishment)
• According to section 372 of the Indian penal code, Whoever sells, lets to hire, or otherwise disposes of any person under the age of eighteen years with the intent that such person shall at any age be employed or used for the purpose of prostitution or illicit intercourse with any person or for any unlawful and immoral purpose.
• Section 363 talks about punishments for kidnapping Whoever kidnaps any person from India or from lawful guardianship, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine.