Question Discussion & Solution

Concept:

• Six Sigma is a statistical term used to measure the number of defects that processes create.
• The term implies high-quality performance because a process performing at a Six Sigma level allows only 3.4 defects per one million opportunities.

Different sigma levels of quality would lead to the following number of defects.

1. Three Sigma quality – This level of performance produces a defect-free product 93.32% of the time. 770 applications would be processed incorrectly and would require rework every day.
2. Four Sigma quality – This level of performance yields a defect-free product 99.349% of the time. With four sigma quality, 73 applications would need to be corrected every day.
3. Five Sigma quality – Five Sigma performance produces defect-free products and services 99.977% of the time. Every week the bank would need to correct 13 application errors.
4. Six Sigma quality – Six Sigma performance produces a defect-free product 99.99966% of the time; allowing only 3.4 errors per one million opportunities. 10 applications would need to be corrected during the entire year.

Important Points:

Four sigma and six sigma levels of performance both have an error free rate over 99% of the time. However, the large volume of applications in this example makes all of the difference. With numbers this big, it turned out that the four-sigma process made 18,710 more errors than the six sigma process.

The least possible Venn diagram is,

Conclusion 1: All apples are bananas → True (This is definitely true)

Conclusion 2: Some bananas are mangoes → True (This is definitely true)

Hence, both 1 and 2 follow.

The correct answer is Both 2 and 3.

Key Points

• Both mitochondria and chloroplasts  possess their own genetic material thus, they are called as semi-autonomous organelles.
• The mitochondrial DNA and plastid DNA possess genes which produce the proteins necessary for the functioning of mitochondria and chloroplasts  respectively.

• Mitochondria (sing.: mitochondrion), unless specifically stained, are not easily visible under the microscope.
• The number of mitochondria per cell is variable depending on the physiological activity of the cells.
• In terms of shape and size also, a considerable degree of variability is observed.
• Typically it is sausage-shaped or cylindrical having a diameter of 0.2-1.0µm (average 0.5µm) and length 1.0-4.1µm.
• Each mitochondrion is a double membrane-bound structure with the outer membrane and the inner membrane dividing its lumen distinctly into two aqueous compartments, i.e. the outer compartment and the inner compartment.

The correct answer is Todarmal.

• Todarmal was the last to lead the deputation sent by Akbar to Pratap to negotiate his peaceful subjugation.

Key Points

• Delegation sent to Pratap by Akbar:
  • The very first deputation was sent by Akbar to Maharana Pratap was under Jalal khan Korchi on September 1572 to negotiate his peaceful subjugation but Pratap refused to do so.
  • On April 1573m, Mansingh of Amer was sent to the same agenda but Pratap again refused it. It is said that this deputation was met with Pratap at Gogunda.
  • On September 1573  Bagwantdas of Amer was sent and finally fourth and the last delegation under Todarmal was sent on December 1573.
  • All of the delegations were sent with the same agenda and every time Pratap refused to accept the supremacy of Akbar.

Additional Information

• Battle of Haldighati:
  • After the failure of all of the delegation, the Battle of Haldighati took place on 18 June 1576 in Rajsamand.
  • Mansingh was Commandor of Akbar's army and Hakim khan Suri was commander of Pratap's army.
  • Chetak, the horse of Pratap, was died during this battle at Balicha place.
  • Jhala Bida wore the Pratap crown on the battlefield when Pratap got injured.
  • The Battle of Haldighati is also called the Battle of Tharmopalli by James todd.

The correct answer is Authentication.

Key Points

• MAC stands for message authentication code.
• A message authentication code is an authentication tag (also called a checksum) derived by application of an authentication scheme, together with a secret key, to a message.
• MACs can be categorized as - 
  • Unconditionally secure
  • Hash function-based
  • Stream cipher based
  • Block cipher based