Question Discussion & Solution

The correct answer is Muhammad Bin Tughlaq.

• Muhammad Bin Tughlaq was the ruler of the Delhi sultanate when Ibn Batuta came to India.

Key Points

• Ibn Battuta was a traveller from Morocco.
  • He came to India during the reign of Muhammad bin-Tughlaq (1333-1347).
  • Muhammad bin-Tughlaq was impressed by his scholarship and appointed Ibn Battuta the qazi or judge of Delhi.
  • He was ordered in 1342 to proceed to China as the Sultan’s envoy to the Mongol ruler.
  • His account is often compared with that of Marco Polo, who visited China (and also India) from his home base in Venice in the late thirteenth century.
  • Ibn Battuta’s book of travels called Rihla, written in Arabic provides extremely rich and interesting details about the social and cultural life in the subcontinent in the fourteenth century.

Additional Information

• Alauddin Khilji
  • He was the second sultan of the Khilji dynasty and was the most powerful king of this dynasty. He ruled for about twenty years from 1296 to 1316.
  • He became the sultan of Delhi after killing his uncle and father-in-law Jalaluddin Khilji, the founder of the Khilji dynasty.
  • Alauddin was a very ambitious person and a warmonger.
  • He liked to call himself ‘The Second Alexander’.
  • During his regime, he expanded his kingdom to a large area.
  • He conquered Gujarat, Ranathambor, Mewar, Malwa, Jalore, Warangal, and Madurai.
• Ibrahim Lodhi
  • He was the last king of the Lodhi dynasty and the last sultan of Delhi.
  • He was the son of Sikandar Lodhi. Daulat Khan Lodhi, the Governor of Punjab, invited Bahur to overthrow Ibrahim.
  • He captured Gwalior and was defeated by Rana Sanga of Mewar.
  • He was defeated and killed at the hands of Babur in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 AD.
• Feroz Shah Tughlaq
  • He was born in 1309 and became sultan of Delhi after the demise of his cousin Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq.
  • He was the third ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty that ruled over Delhi from 1320 to 1412 AD.
  • He was in power from 1351 to 1388 AD.
  • He used to pay his army in-kind i.e Land and not in real money.
  • The British called him the ‘father of the irrigation department’ because of the many gardens and canals that he built like - The canal connecting the Yamuna to the city of Hissar. 

The correct answer is Vidisha.

Key Points

• The Udayagiri Caves are twenty rock-cut caves near Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh from the early years of the 5th century CE.
• They contain some of the oldest surviving Hindu temples and iconography in India.
• Udayagiri caves contain iconography of Vaishnavism, Shaktism, and Shaivism.
• There are 20 caves of Hinduism and Jainism.
• The Jain cave is notable for one of the oldest known Jaina inscriptions from 425 CE, while the Hindu caves feature inscriptions from 401 CE.
• They are the only site that can be verifiably associated with a Gupta period monarch from its inscriptions belonging to the reigns of Chandragupta II and Kumaragupta I.
• The Udayagiri hills and their caves are protected monuments managed by the Archaeological Survey of India.

Additional Information

• Bhartrihari caves are situated in the Ujjain district of Madhya Pradesh.
• Pandav caves and Adamghar caves are situated in the Hoshangabad district.
• Bagh caves are situated in the Dhar district.

The correct answer is Cornwallis.

Key Points

• Lord Cornwallis created the Covenanted Civil Service of India which later came to be known as the Indian Civil Service.
• Lord Cornwallis:
  • Lord Cornwallis was a British army officer, administrator, and diplomat who had previously served his country during the War of American Independence.
  • He had surrendered along with his troops to the Americans at Yorktown.
  • In 1786, he accepted the offer to take up the post of Governor-General of Bengal on the condition that he be given the supreme military command as well.
  • He arrived at Calcutta on 12 September and took charge.
  • Under his guidance, the Cornwallis Code was developed which contained provisions for governing the civil, policing and judiciary administration in British India.

Additional Information

• Warren Hastings
  • Warren Hastings (1732 – 1818) became the first Governor of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal) in 1772 and the first Governor-General of Bengal in 1774 till he resigned in 1785.
  • He started his career as a writer (clerk) in the East India Company at Calcutta in 1750.
  • In 1758, he became the British resident at Murshidabad, the capital of Bengal, after Mir Jafar was installed as the Nawab after the Battle of Plassey.
  • During his term, the First Anglo-Maratha war and the second Anglo-Mysore war were fought.
  • The Regulating Act of 1773 was passed during his term.
  • He supported Sir William Jones in the formation of the Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1785.
• Wellesley
  • Lord Wellesley remained Governor-General of Fort Williams from 1798 to 1805.
  • During his tenure, the Fourth and last Anglo-Mysore war was fought and Tipu was killed in this war.
  • The Second Anglo Maratha war also happened in which Bhonsle, Scindia and Holkar were defeated. Wellesley followed the policy of “subsidiary alliance”, which was accepted by the rulers of Mysore, Jodhpur, Jaipur, Bundi, Macheri, Bharatpur, Oudh, Tanjore, Berar, Peshwa, and Nizam of Hyderabad.
• William Bentinck
  • William Bentinck was born on 14 September 1774 at Buckinghamshire, England to William Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland and Lady Dorothy.
  • His father was a Prime Minister of Great Britain.
  • Bentinck joined the British army at the age of 16 and had become a colonel by 1798.
  • In 1803, he was named the Governor of Madras.
  • He later served as Governor-General of India from 1828-1835.
  • He is credited with reforms in educational, social and judicial spheres during his tenure as Governor-General of British India.

Yoga-darsana, codified in the work of Patanjali, is based on the exposition of the epistemological, metaphysical, and methodological ideas of an age-old meditative tradition and is widely known as Yoga Sutras.

According to the philosophy of Hinduism, there are six darshans i.e, the ways of seeing the world:

1. Purva Mimansa

2. Uttara Mimansa (Vedanta)

3. Nyaya

4. Vaisheshika

5. Samkhya

6. Yoga

Patanjali was a notable scholar of the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy. He is estimated to have lived between the 2^nd and 4^thcentury CE.

• Lothal is one of the places of Indus Valley Civilization located presently in India.
• It is located near Saragwala, a village in the Ahmedabad district of the state Gujarat.
• The word Lothal means “the mount of the dead”.