Question Discussion & Solution

Bhimbetka caves in Madhya Pradesh are the finest example of pre-historic cave paintings and murals. This archaeological site of central India is situated near Bhopal and spans the prehistoric Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods. Few paintings at the Bhimbetka rock shelters are about 3,000 years old.

The correct option is 1 i.e. Availability of raw material at local level.

• The Indus valley civilisation is also known as the Harappan Civilisation.
• The foundation of Indus valley civilization was laid in the Neolithic period.
• The Indus script on seals has not been deciphered yet.
• The main features of the Indus valley civilisation are:
  • A fortified citadel at most of the cities.
  • Houses with kitchens and wells, tanks or water reservoirs with well drainage system.
  • The Practice of burying the dead and dual burial.

The correct answer is Tripuri.

Key Points

• In the 1939 Tripuri Session, Subhash Chandra Bose Won the elections for the Indian National Congress (INC) president at Tripuri Session by defeating Pattabhi Sitaramayya.
• Gandhi Ji and other members supported Pattabhi Sitaramayya, and Subhash Chandra Bose couldn't work efficiently, therefore, he resigned from the post of Congress president.
• Later, He formed the Forward Bloc in Calcutta in 1939

​Important Points

• The First session of the Indian National Congress was held at Bombay in 1885, and the president was WC Bonnerji.
• 72 delegates from all over India attended the first session.
• The Second session of the Indian National Congress was held at Calcutta in 1886 under the presidentship of Dadabhai Naoroji.
• The Third session of the Indian National Congress was held at Madras in 1887 under the chairmanship of Syed Badruddin Tyabji, the first Muslim President.
• The fourth session of the Indian National Congress was held at Allahabad in 1888 under the presidentship of George Yule, the first English President.

Additional Information

The Correct Answer is  Bone.

• 'Burjholm' and 'Chirand' are the two places in India where Bone instruments of weapons manufactured by Neolithic people were discovered.
• Stone tools were used in Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic age.
• Metal used for the first time was copper and that was used by Chalcolithic people.

Additional Information

• Paleolithic: 
  • It is the earliest Stone age period dating 2.6 million years ago.
  • The age is distinguished by most primitive stone tools. Humans during the era grouped together in small “bands” and were involved in gathering plants, fishing, and hunting.
  • The paleolithic period is the longest in human history.
  • The age can be divided into lower Paleolithic, Middle Paleolithic, and Upper Paleolithic. 
  • During the end of the age, people developed spiritual and religious beliefs as depicted in some of the excavations.
• Mesolithic: It is the second period of the stone age between Paleolithic and Neolithic. The start and end of the age vary by geographical region. It is a transition period from hunting and gathering as in Paleolithic to domestication as in Neolithic. The tools used were the mode V chipped stone tools (microliths).
• Neolithic: It is the 3rd period of the stone age and is often referred to as the “New stone age”. Its time period is considered to be around 10,200 BC to 4,500BC, which ended with the beginning of the “Bronze Age”.
• Megalithic: It is a small tool made up of flint or chert, used to form the points of hunting weapons.

The correct answer is Muhammad bin Tughluq.

• Ibn Batuta's full name was Muhammad bin Abdullah ibn Battuta.

Key Points

• Ibn Battuta was the greatest of the Muslim travellers.
• He is estimated to have travelled about 75,000 miles.
• Hardly any other traveller of that era has travelled so long.
• He went on to tour the world at the age of 22 and roamed continuously for 30 years.
• During his visit to India, he reached the court of Muhammad Tughluq, where, impressed by his intelligence, Muhammad Tughluq appointed him as Qazi.

Additional Information

• Alauddin Khilji was the ruler of the Khilji dynasty who ruled over the Delhi Sultanate.
  • He is well known for his effective administration related to controlling prices, revenues, and societal development.
• Iltutmish is the first Muslim ruler who ruled from Delhi and is also considered the founder of the Delhi Sultanate.
  • He was the third of the Mamluk dynasty.
• Firoz Shah Tughluq was the ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty who ruled over Delhi from 1351 to 1388. He was succeeded by Muhammad Bin Tughlaq.

Important Points

Tughluq Dynasty (1320 to 1413):

• Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq or Ghazi Malik was the founder of the Tughluq dynasty.
• Ghiyas-ud-din reinstated order in his empire.
• He brought Bengal, Utkala or Orissa, and Warangal under his control.
• The Mongol leaders who invaded North India were seized and confined by him.
• In 1325 A.D. Ghiyas-ud-din was crushed to death while attending an event for his victories in Bengal.
• Junakhan, the crown prince succeeded him.

Lodi Dynasty (1451 to 1526):

• Bahlul Lodi was the founder of the Lodi Dynasty.
• Sultanate Period ended with Lodi Dynasty.
• He took various measures to gratify his nobles.
• Gwalior, Samthal, Sakit, Mewat was conquered by Bahlul Lodi.
• He died in 1489 A.D.

Slave Dynasty (1206 to 1290):

• The first ruler of the Mamluk Dynasty.
• Mamluk Dynasty is also called the Slave Dynasty.
• Sold as a slave to Muhammad Ghori, the ruler of Ghor in Afghanistan.
• Aibak became Ghori’s trusted general and commander.
• He was given charge of Ghori’s Indian possessions after 1192.
• When Ghori was assassinated, Aibak declared himself Sultan of Delhi in 1206.
• Started construction of the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque in Delhi. This is one of the first Islamic monuments in India.
• He began the construction of Qutb Minar in Delhi.
• He reigned till his death in 1210. He was said to have been trampled to death by a horse.
• He was succeeded by Aram Shah.

 Khilji Dynasty (1290 to 1320):

• Jalal-ud-din Firoz Khilji was the founder of the Khilji Dynasty.
• He was also called “Clemency Jalal-uddin” as he followed peace and wanted to rule without violence. 
• He suppressed Malik Chhajju’s revolt at Kara
• He appointed Ala-ud-din Khilji as the Governor of Kara. Alauddin was his son-in-law and also nephew.
• In 1292 A.D. Jalal-ud-din defeated the Mongols who had come up to Sunam.
• Jalal-ud-din was treacherously murdered by Ala-ud-din Khilji his son-in-law.