Question Discussion & Solution

The Correct Answer is 26 January 1930, Lahore.

Key Points

• The Indian National Congress issued the Purna Swaraj declaration on January 26, 1930, resolving the Congress and Indian nationalists to fight for Purna Swaraj or full independence from the British Empire.
• Jawaharlal Nehru raised the Indian flag on the banks of the Ravi River in Lahore, Pakistan, on December 31, 1929.
• The Congress had requested that India's people commemorate January 26th as Independence Day.
• The Indian flag was raised in public around the country by Congress volunteers, nationalists, and the general public. 
• The Congress designated January 26 as India's Independence Day, honouring those who fought for the country's independence.
• The British decided to hand over power and political clout to India in 1947, and 15 August was designated as India's official Independence Day.
• The new Constitution of India, as drafted and approved by the Constituent Assembly, was to take effect on January 26, 1950, to commemorate the 1930 declaration.
• India became a republic on that day in 1950. Every year, the 26th of January is observed as India's Republic Day.

The correct answer is option 4, i.e. River Bhogava.

• Lothal was one of the southernmost cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, thrived along the Bhogava river, a tributary of Sabarmati, in the Gulf of Khambhat located in the modern state of Gujarat. 
• Alamgirpur is the easternmost site of the Indus Valley Civilization that thrived along Yamuna River located in Uttar Pradesh.
• Banawali, Kalibangan and Rakhigarhi are the Indus Valley Civilisation sites in the region of Ghaggar-Hakra rivers and their tributaries.
• The Indus Valley Civilisation sites are located mainly in the region of the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra rivers and their tributaries, but opinions differ on the role of the Saraswati river (whose descriptions in the Rig Veda are those of a snow-fed river) identified with the Ghaggar-Hakra river (which was a system of perennial monsoon-fed rivers and became seasonal around the time when the civilisation diminished).

• Indus Valley Civilization is the largest ancient civilization.
• John Marshall was the first scholar to use the term ‘Indus Valley Civilisation’.
• The Indus Valley Civilisation belongs to the Protohistoric Period (Chalcolithic Age/Bronze Age).
• Dayaram Sahni first discovered Harappa Civilisation in 1921.

The correct answer is Pradyumna Shah.

• Pradyumna Shah was killed in the battle of Khurbura in 1804 A.D.

Key Points

• Pradyumna Shah, king of Garhwal fought ferocious with Gurkha invaders from Nepal, was killed in the battle of Khurbura in Dehradun in 1804.
• Battle of Khurbura or Battle of Khudbuda occurred in May 1804 near the modern-day village of Dehradun "Khurbura".
• The battle is regarded as the first major attack in the history of the Garhwal Kingdom that triggered between Gurkha forces and Maharaja Pradyumna Shah and continued for 13 days until the Garhwal king was defeated.
• It was chiefly regarded as the only defeat of his life and the victory of Gurkhas.
• Khurbura is now a small colony without any remains of the bloody battle in which Pradyumna Shah was killed by a bullet while fighting the Gurkhas with his sword.

​Important Points

Garhwal Kingdom 

• The Garhwal Kingdom was an independent kingdom in the current north-western Himalayan state of Uttarakhand, India.
• The Garhwal Kingdom was founded in 823 AD by Kanak Pal.
• The kingdom was divided into two parts during the British Raj, namely: the princely state of Garhwal and the Garhwal District of British India.
  • During this period, the princely state of Garhwal was one of the States of the Punjab Hills which became part of the Punjab Hill States Agency although it was not under the Punjab Province administration.
  • The princely state of Garhwal or Independent Garhwal consisted of the present-day Tehri Garhwal district and most of the Uttarkashi district. This former state acceded to the Union of India in August 1949.

The correct answer is 1820 - 1827 A. D.

Key Points

• Major general Sir Thomas Munro was a Scottish soldier who was appointed the governor of Madras in 1820.
• He served till his death from cholera in 1827.
• He also served as an army officer in the East India Company.

Important Points

• He is behind the drafting of education policy for the Madras Presidency and the introduction of the Ryotwari system in Southern India. Ryotwari system was a system introduced by him to collect land revenue.
• According to this, peasants were the owner of the land and they had all the rights to sell or mortgage the land.
• The tax rate for dry land was 50% and wetland was 60% and if they failed to pay these taxes they were convicted by the government.
• The reason for introducing this system was to eliminate the role of middlemen as was in the zamindari system but it came up with the problem of moneylenders as they further burdened the peasants with their high-interest rates.