Question Discussion & Solution

• Indus Valley Civilization is the largest ancient civilization.
• John Marshall was the first scholar to use the term ‘Indus Valley Civilisation’.
• The Indus Valley Civilisation belongs to the Protohistoric Period (Chalcolithic Age/Bronze Age).
• Dayaram Sahni first discovered Harappa Civilisation in 1921.

The correct answer is option 4, i.e. River Bhogava.

• Lothal was one of the southernmost cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, thrived along the Bhogava river, a tributary of Sabarmati, in the Gulf of Khambhat located in the modern state of Gujarat. 
• Alamgirpur is the easternmost site of the Indus Valley Civilization that thrived along Yamuna River located in Uttar Pradesh.
• Banawali, Kalibangan and Rakhigarhi are the Indus Valley Civilisation sites in the region of Ghaggar-Hakra rivers and their tributaries.
• The Indus Valley Civilisation sites are located mainly in the region of the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra rivers and their tributaries, but opinions differ on the role of the Saraswati river (whose descriptions in the Rig Veda are those of a snow-fed river) identified with the Ghaggar-Hakra river (which was a system of perennial monsoon-fed rivers and became seasonal around the time when the civilisation diminished).

The correct answer is Udayin.

Key Points

• Udayin (460BC - 444 BC) was the son and successor of Ajatashatru.
• Udayin laid the foundation of the city of Pataliputra at the confluence of two rivers, the Son and the Ganges.
• He shifted the capital from Rajagriha to Patliputra.
• He defeated Palaka of Avanti multiple times but was ultimately killed by him in 444 BC.

Additional Information

• Bimbisara (Shronika) (544 BC - 492 BC) was the founder of the Haryanaka Dynasty.
  • He was contemporary to Gautama Buddha.
  • He built the city of New Rajagriha.
• Ajatashatru was the son of Bimbisara and a king of the Haryanka dynasty of Magadha.
  • He killed his father and seized the throne.
  • Magadha under Ajatashatru became the most powerful kingdom in North India.
• Mahapadma Nanda was the first Emperor of the Nanda Empire of ancient India.
  • He is known as Sarvakshatrantak i.e., Uproter of all the Kshatriyas (Purans), and Ugrasena i.e., Owner of the huge army (Pali texts).
  • He was succeeded by his eight sons and Dhana Nanda was the last one.

• A sculpture of a chariot of Harappa times was found at Daimabad, Maharashtra.
• Daimabad is an archaeological site that was discovered in 1958.
• The excavations were conducted between 1976-79 here.
• Lothal is an ancient Indus site situated in Gujarat.
• Banawali is an ancient Harappan site situated on the dry river bed of Saraswati.
• Kalibangan, which means black bangles, is an ancient Indus site situated in Rajasthan.

The correct answer is Mumbai.

Key Points

• On 8 August 1942 at the All-India Congress Committee session in Bombay, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi launched the 'Quit India' movement.
• The next day, Gandhi, Nehru, and many other leaders of the Indian National Congress were arrested by the British Government. 
• The Quit India Movement, also known as the August Movement, was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All-India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi during World War II, demanding an end to British rule in India.

Additional Information

• The slogan 'Quit India' was given by Yusuf Meherally.
• The viceroy during the Quit India movement was Lord Linlithgow.
• During the 'Quit India' movement, Mahatma Gandhi gave the slogan 'Do or Die'