Question Discussion & Solution

The correct answer is Kushinagar.

Key Points

• Buddha died in 483 BC at Kushinagar, a village in Uttar Pradesh. 
• He attained Mahaparinirvana, or the final blowing out at the age of 80 in Kushinagar.
• Ashoka, the greatest patron of Buddhism, built a stupa to mark Mahaparinirvana (Buddha's death).
• It is an important pilgrimage centre for Buddhists.

Important Points

• Gautama Buddha
  • Gautama Buddha was born at Lumbini in the Sakya Kshatriya clan.
  • He was the founder of Buddhism.
  • His father was Suddhodhana, King of Kapilavastu, and his mother was Mahamaya, Princess of Kollia republic.
  • He was married to Yasodhara at an early age and had a son Rahul.
  • At the age of 35, he got enlightened under a pipal tree in Bodh Gaya.

Additional Information

• Patna, historically known as Pataliputra, is the capital city of Bihar in India.
  • Pataliputra was the ancient capital of the Magadh empire.
• Varanasi, also known as Benaras, is one of the oldest cities in the world.
• Sarnath Buddha delivered his first sermon to his five disciples at Sarnath.
  • Dhamek stupa is located in Sarnath, 13 km from Varanasi.

• A sculpture of a chariot of Harappa times was found at Daimabad, Maharashtra.
• Daimabad is an archaeological site that was discovered in 1958.
• The excavations were conducted between 1976-79 here.
• Lothal is an ancient Indus site situated in Gujarat.
• Banawali is an ancient Harappan site situated on the dry river bed of Saraswati.
• Kalibangan, which means black bangles, is an ancient Indus site situated in Rajasthan.

The correct answer is Nagari.

• In ancient cities, the remains of the canal have been found in Nagari.

​Key Points

• Nagari
  • ​Nagari is a village situated in Chittorgarh.
  • It was discovered by Carlyle in 1872.
  • Its ancient name was Madhyamika.
  • It was a flourishing town from the Mauryan period up to the Gupta period. 
  • A large number of punch-marked and other old coins have been discovered here.
  • 4 rounded step wells have been founded from this site.
  • A rain gully and three trenches have been laid here and step excavation was taken up.
  • Thus In ancient cities, the remains of the canal have been found in Nagari.

Additional Information

• Nagar
  • The ancient mound of Nagar is situated in the district Tonk of Rajasthan.
  • It was the capital of the Malva republic and the ancient name of this place was Karkota Nagar.
  • The site was in existence up to the 9th - 10th century AD.
  • Earlier it was excavated by Shri Krishna deva in 1942 - 43.​

The Correct Answer is Option (3) i.e C -

• The most significant feature of Indus Valley civilization was the buildings made of the bricks.
• Indus Valley Civilization is also known as Harappan Civilization, which flourished around 2500 BC in Pakistan and Western India.
• Some of the important Harappan sites are - Harappa (Pakistan), Mohenjodaro (Pakistan), Sutkagendor (Pakistan), Chanhudaro (Pakistan), Kalibangan (Rajasthan), Lothal and Surkotada (Gujarat), Banawali (Haryana), Dholavira (Gujarat), etc
• In 1924, John Marshall, Director-General of Archaeological Society of India (ASI), announced the discovery of a new civilization in the Indus Valley to the World.
• Indus Valley Civilization was the largest of the ancient urban civilization of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, and China.
• ASI was founded by Alexander Cunningham in the year 1861.

Additional Information 

• The Indus Valley Civilization was spread from present-day North-East Afghanistan to Pakistan and North-West India. This civilization flourished in the river basins of the Ghaggar-Hakra river and the Indus. Indus valley civilization is one of the four oldest civilizations in the world. It is also known as Harappan Civilization and is well-known for its organized planning based on the grid system. Important facts to be remembered 
• John Marshall was the first researcher to use the term, ‘Indus Valley Civilization’.
• Indus Valley Civilization spread from the year 2500 – 1750 BC according to radio-carbon dating.
• The most distinctive feature of the Harappan Civilization was its urbanization.
• Moreover, sheep and goats, dogs, humped cattle buffalo, and elephants were domesticated in the Indus Valley Civilization.
• The capital cities are Mohenjodaro and Harappa.
• The port cities are Sutkagendor, Balakot, Lothal, Allahdino, and Kuntasi.
• The Indus valley people were well-acquainted with the use of both cotton and wool.
• Name of the major cities are given below:
  • Mohenjodaro (Sind)-It is located on the right bank of the Indus.
  • Kalibangan (Rajasthan)-It was on the banks of the river Ghaggar river
  • Chanhudaro-It lies on the left bank of the Indus in the south of Mohenjodaro.
  • Lothal- It is located at the head of the Gulf of Cambay.
  • Surkotada (Gujarat)-It is at the head of the Rann of Kutch.
  • Banawali (Haryana)-It was situated on the banks of the now-extinct Sarasvati
  • Dholavira (Gujarat)-It excavated is in the Kutch district

The correct answer is Banawali.