Question Discussion & Solution

The Correct Answer is Option (3) i.e C -

• The most significant feature of Indus Valley civilization was the buildings made of the bricks.
• Indus Valley Civilization is also known as Harappan Civilization, which flourished around 2500 BC in Pakistan and Western India.
• Some of the important Harappan sites are - Harappa (Pakistan), Mohenjodaro (Pakistan), Sutkagendor (Pakistan), Chanhudaro (Pakistan), Kalibangan (Rajasthan), Lothal and Surkotada (Gujarat), Banawali (Haryana), Dholavira (Gujarat), etc
• In 1924, John Marshall, Director-General of Archaeological Society of India (ASI), announced the discovery of a new civilization in the Indus Valley to the World.
• Indus Valley Civilization was the largest of the ancient urban civilization of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, and China.
• ASI was founded by Alexander Cunningham in the year 1861.

Additional Information 

• The Indus Valley Civilization was spread from present-day North-East Afghanistan to Pakistan and North-West India. This civilization flourished in the river basins of the Ghaggar-Hakra river and the Indus. Indus valley civilization is one of the four oldest civilizations in the world. It is also known as Harappan Civilization and is well-known for its organized planning based on the grid system. Important facts to be remembered 
• John Marshall was the first researcher to use the term, ‘Indus Valley Civilization’.
• Indus Valley Civilization spread from the year 2500 – 1750 BC according to radio-carbon dating.
• The most distinctive feature of the Harappan Civilization was its urbanization.
• Moreover, sheep and goats, dogs, humped cattle buffalo, and elephants were domesticated in the Indus Valley Civilization.
• The capital cities are Mohenjodaro and Harappa.
• The port cities are Sutkagendor, Balakot, Lothal, Allahdino, and Kuntasi.
• The Indus valley people were well-acquainted with the use of both cotton and wool.
• Name of the major cities are given below:
  • Mohenjodaro (Sind)-It is located on the right bank of the Indus.
  • Kalibangan (Rajasthan)-It was on the banks of the river Ghaggar river
  • Chanhudaro-It lies on the left bank of the Indus in the south of Mohenjodaro.
  • Lothal- It is located at the head of the Gulf of Cambay.
  • Surkotada (Gujarat)-It is at the head of the Rann of Kutch.
  • Banawali (Haryana)-It was situated on the banks of the now-extinct Sarasvati
  • Dholavira (Gujarat)-It excavated is in the Kutch district

The correct answer is Vijay Singh Pathik.

Key Points

• Vijay Singh Pathik:
  • Real name: Bhoop Singh.
  • Leader Bijolia Peasant Movement.
  • Went Jail for Salt Satyagraha & Begun Peasant Movement.
  • Editor of Rajasthan Kesari & Naveen Rajasthan.
  • Published – Pratap.

Additional Information 

• Sagarmal Gopa:
  • Stir people against Maharawal Jawahar Singh, Jaisalmer.
  • Expelled from Jaisalmer & Hyderabad.
  • Author – Azadi Ke Dewaane, Jaisalmer mein Gundaraj,Raghunath Singh ka mukadma.
• Jainarayan Vyas:
  • Published Rajasthani Magazine – Agnibaan.
  • In 1927, editor of Tarun Rajasthan.
  • In 1936, Published Akhand Bharat from Mumbai.
  • 14 years – General Secretary of All India Native Rajya Parishad.
  • Immense contribution in Marwar Prajamandal.
• Gokul Bhai Bhatt::
  • Established Rajya Prajamandal in Sirohi.
  • Worked for political awakening in Sirohi area.

The correct answer is Champaran, Ahmedabad, Kheda, Non-cooperation.

Key Points

• The tale of Champaran (Bihar) starts in the early nineteenth century when European planters forced cultivators to cultivate indigo in 3/20th of their land holdings (Tin-Kathia).
• However, when indigo became unprofitable, European planters levied higher taxes to compensate for their losses in the foreign trade.
• Gandhi succeeded in abolishing the Tin-Kathia scheme in July 1917, and the cultivators received a salary refund.
• The mill owners and employees in Ahmedabad (March 1918) were fighting over the so-called "plague bonus," which the former decided to keep after the epidemic was over.
• Due to crop failure, the peasants of Kheda district (1917-1918) were in dire straits, and the government ignored their pleas for land revenue remission.
• Kheda's peasants were already struggling due to disease, high prices, and drought.
• Gandhi went on his first hunger strike in Ahmedabad in 1918 to protest a pay increase for mill employees.

Additional Information

• The Champaran Satyagraha(19 April 1917- 13 May 1917)
  • This was his first act of civil disobedience.
• The Rowlatt Satyagraha(6 April 1919 - March 1922)
  • This was his first all-India Satyagraha.
• The Kheda Satyagraha(22 March - 5 June 1918) 
  • ​This was his first non-cooperation movement.
• The first Non-Cooperation Movement
  • ​It was founded on 1 August 1920.

The correct answer is Ramnarayan Chaudhary.

Key Points

Additional Information

• Ramnarayan Choudhary was a prominent leader of the Bengu farmers movement.
• Jai Narayan Vyas was the only elected and nominated Chief Minister of Rajasthan.
• Both Ramnarayan Choudhary and Jaynarayan Vyas were instrumental in the formation of Praja Mandal in Rajasthan.

Yoga-darsana, codified in the work of Patanjali, is based on the exposition of the epistemological, metaphysical, and methodological ideas of an age-old meditative tradition and is widely known as Yoga Sutras.

According to the philosophy of Hinduism, there are six darshans i.e, the ways of seeing the world:

1. Purva Mimansa

2. Uttara Mimansa (Vedanta)

3. Nyaya

4. Vaisheshika

5. Samkhya

6. Yoga

Patanjali was a notable scholar of the Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy. He is estimated to have lived between the 2^nd and 4^thcentury CE.