Question Discussion & Solution

The correct answer is Prithviraj commission.

Key Points

•  Dabi case (2 April 1923 AD) -
  • Bundi Kisan Movement was started by Pandit Nayanu Ram Sharma in 1922 AD.
  • All farmers organized a meeting in Dabi on 2 April 1923 AD.
  • Police Superintendent Ikram Hussain, SHO Kalyan Singh, and Dabi's Head Constable Sardar Mal reached there and started firing indiscriminately on Kisans.
  • Nanak Ji Bhil and Devi Lal Gurjar were martyred in this event.
  • Prithviraj commission was appointed by the government to examine the Dabi case.

• Bindulal Bhattacharya commission and Hamid Hussain commission were appointed to see the situation of Bijoliya's peasants.
• Trench commission was appointed by the government to see the situation of Bengu's peasants

James Prinsep deciphered the Brahmi and Kharoshthi scripts.

• Brahmi Script- It is the oldest writing styles in ancient India. The rock cut edicts of Ashoka are the best examples of Brahmi script which were deciphered by an archeologist of East India Company James Prinsep.
• Kharoshthi scripts- It is used in Gandhara kingdom to write Gandhari Prakrit and Sanskrit in 4-3 century B.C.

• Siddhartha also was known as Buddha got his enlightenment in Gaya located in the Indian state of Bihar.
• Buddha obtained enlightenment under a tree which is now popularly known as the Bodhi Tree.
• Bodh Gaya is the most sacred place for the Buddhists.
• Buddha achieved Mahaparinirvana around 484 BCE in the town of Kushinagar in north India.
• Buddha gave his first sermon in Sarnath.

The correct answer is Vatapi.
Key Points

• The earliest Chalukyas with their capital at Badami (Vatapi) in Karnataka. They ruled from mid-6th They declined after the death of their greatest king, Pulakesin II in 642 AD. They were known as Badami Chalukyas.

Important Points

There were three distinct which were related to Chalukya dynasties - 

• Badami Chalukyas: Capital was Badami (Vatapi) in Karnataka.
• Eastern Chalukyas: Emerged after the death of Pulakesin II in Eastern Deccan with capital at Vengi. They ruled till the 11th century.
• Western Chalukyas: Descendants of the Badami Chalukyas, emerged in the late 10th century and ruled from Kalyani (modern-day Basavakanlyan).

Additional Information

Chalukya Rulers:

• Jayasimha was the first ruler of the Chalukyas.
• Pulakesin I (Reign: 543 AD – 566 AD)
  • Founded the empire with his capital at Vatapi.
  • Performed Ashwamedha.
• Kirtivarman I (Reign: 566 AD – 597 AD)
  • Son of Pulakesin I.
  • Conquered Konkan and northern Kerala.
• Mangalesha (Reign: 597 AD – 609 AD)
  • Brother of Kirtivarman I.
  • Conquered the Kadambas and the Gangas.
  • Was killed by his nephew and son of Kirtivarman, Pulakesin II.
• Pulakesin II (609 AD – 642 AD)
  • The greatest of the Chalukya kings.
  • Extended the Chalukya rule to most parts of the Deccan.
  • His birth name was Eraya. Information about him is obtained from the Aihole inscription dated 634. This poetic inscription was written by his court poet Ravikirti in Sanskrit language using the Kannada script.
  • Xuanzang visited his kingdom. He has praised Pulakesin II as a good and authoritative king.
  • Though a Hindu, he was tolerant of Buddhism and Jainism.
  • He conquered almost entire south-central India.
  • He is famous for stopping Northern king Harsha in his tracks while he was trying to conquer southern parts of the country.
  • He had defeated the Pallava king Mahendravarman I but was defeated and killed by Mahendravarman’s son and successor Narasimhavarman I in a series of battles he had with the Pallavas.

The correct answer is option 1. i.e. The Indus people were the first to produce cotton.

• It has been discovered from the facts that the farmers in the Indus valley were the first to spin and weave cotton.
• At Mohenjo-Daro, the archaeologists have recovered the fragments of cotton textiles which dates back between 3250 and 2750 BCE.
• As per the archaeological department of India, the cottonseeds which are found nearby Mehrgarh have been dated to 5000 BCE.
• Indus Valley civilization is also known as the Bronze Age Civilization because Bronze was the most widely used metal.
• Wheat and Barley were the major crops, evidence of rice was also found.
• The people of the Indus Valley civilization worshipped God Pashupati (believed to be God Shiva).
• Tin and precious stones were imported from Iran and Afghanistan, gold from Karnataka and copper from Rajasthan and Oman.

Additional Information 

• The Indus Valley Civilization was spread from present-day North-East Afghanistan to Pakistan and North-West India. This civilization flourished in the river basins of the Ghaggar-Hakra river and the Indus. Indus valley civilization is one of the four oldest civilizations in the world. It is also known as Harappan Civilization and is well-known for its organized planning based on the grid system. Important facts to be remembered 
• John Marshall was the first researcher to use the term, ‘Indus Valley Civilization’.
• Indus Valley Civilization spread from the year 2500 – 1750 BC according to radio-carbon dating.
• The most distinctive feature of the Harappan Civilization was its urbanization.
• Moreover, sheep and goats, dogs, humped cattle buffalo, and elephants were domesticated in the Indus Valley Civilization.
• The capital cities are Mohenjodaro and Harappa.
• The port cities are Sutkagendor, Balakot, Lothal, Allahdino, and Kuntasi.
• The Indus valley people were well-acquainted with the use of both cotton and wool.
• Name of the major cities are given below:
  • Mohenjodaro (Sind)-It is located on the right bank of the Indus.
  • Kalibangan (Rajasthan)-It was on the banks of the river Ghaggar river
  • Chanhudaro-It lies on the left bank of the Indus in the south of Mohenjodaro.
  • Lothal- It is located at the head of the Gulf of Cambay.
  • Surkotada (Gujarat)-It is at the head of the Rann of Kutch.
  • Banawali (Haryana)-It was situated on the banks of the now-extinct Sarasvati
  • Dholavira (Gujarat)-It excavated is in the Kutch district