Question Discussion & Solution

• They were repositories of relics of Buddha and other monks.
• The Buddhist stupa serves as a marker for a sacred space, a symbolic representation of the Buddha’s burial mound.

• Vikramshila University was founded by the Pala King, Dharmapala in the late 8th or early 9th century.
• It was situated at Bhagalpur, Bihar.
• It was one of the largest Buddhist universities with more than 100 teachers and about 1000 students.
• The university prospered for around four centuries and was later destroyed by Bakhtiyar Khilji.

The correct answer is Bhirrana

• Bhirrana is considered as the oldest discovered Indus Valley Civilization site.
• It is the oldest one according to the C-14 radio-dating done by Archaeological Survey of India.
• It is situated in the Fatehabad district and dated to 757-6200 BC.
• Rakhigarhi, situated close to Bhirrama is the largest Harappan site in the world.
• Mohenjo-daro is situated in southern Pakistan.
• Allahdino is located towards each of Karachi.

Additional Information 

• The Indus Valley Civilization was spread from present-day North-East Afghanistan to Pakistan and North-West India. This civilization flourished in the river basins of the Ghaggar-Hakra river and the Indus. Indus valley civilization is one of the four oldest civilizations in the world. It is also known as Harappan Civilization and is well-known for its organized planning based on the grid system. Important facts to be remembered 
• John Marshall was the first researcher to use the term, ‘Indus Valley Civilization’.
• Indus Valley Civilization spread from the year 2500 – 1750 BC according to radio-carbon dating.
• The most distinctive feature of the Harappan Civilization was its urbanization.
• Moreover, sheep and goats, dogs, humped cattle buffalo, and elephants were domesticated in the Indus Valley Civilization.
• The capital cities are Mohenjodaro and Harappa.
• The port cities are Sutkagendor, Balakot, Lothal, Allahdino, and Kuntasi.
• The Indus valley people were well-acquainted with the use of both cotton and wool.
• Name of the major cities are given below:
  • Mohenjodaro (Sind)-It is located on the right bank of the Indus.
  • Kalibangan (Rajasthan)-It was on the banks of the river Ghaggar river
  • Chanhudaro-It lies on the left bank of the Indus in the south of Mohenjodaro.
  • Lothal- It is located at the head of the Gulf of Cambay.
  • Surkotada (Gujarat)-It is at the head of the Rann of Kutch.
  • Banawali (Haryana)-It was situated on the banks of the now-extinct Sarasvati
  • Dholavira (Gujarat)-It excavated is in the Kutch district

King Ashoka was the only king in the history of the world who gave up conquest after winning the Kalinga war.

• The Kalinga war was fought between Maury Empire and the state of Kalinga which located on the east coast.
• King Ashoka gave up conquest after winning the Kalinga war because he realized the violence, he had done to become a world champion and from that very moment, he decided to walk on a path of non-violence.
• King Ashoka was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty, who ruled from c. 268 to 232 BCE.
• The founder of Maurya Dynasty was the Chandragupta Maurya.