Question Discussion & Solution

The Correct answer is Justice Fazl Ali.

Key Points

• The creation of the Andhra state intensified the demand from other regions for the creation of states on a linguistic basis.
• This forced the Government of India to appoint (in December 1953) a three-member States Reorganisation Commission under the chairmanship of Fazl Ali to re-examine the whole question. Its other two members were K M Panikkar and H N Kunzru.
• It submitted its report in September 1955 and broadly accepted language as the basis of the reorganisation of states. But, it rejected the theory of ‘one language-one state’. Its view was that the unity of India should be regarded as the primary consideration in any redrawing of the country’s political units. It identified four major factors that can be taken into account in any scheme of the reorganisation of states:

1. Preservation and strengthening of the unity and security of the country.
2.  Linguistic and cultural homogeneity.
3. Financial, economic and administrative considerations.
4. Planning and promotion of the welfare of the people in each state as well as of the nation as a whole.

• The commission suggested the abolition of the four-fold classification of states under the original Constitution and the creation of 16 states and 3 centrally administered territories. The Government of India accepted these recommendations with certain minor modifications.
• By the States Reorganisation Act (1956) and the 7th Constitutional Amendment Act (1956), the distinction between Part-A and Part-B states was done away with and Part-C states were abolished. Some of them were merged with adjacent states and some others were designated as union territories. As a result, 14 states and 6 union territories were created on November 1, 1956.
• The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 established the new state of Kerala by merging the Travancore- Cochin State with the Malabar District of Madras state and Kasargode of South Canara (Dakshina Kannada).
• It merged the Telugu-speaking areas of Hyderabad state with the Andhra state to create the Andhra Pradesh state. Further, it merged the Madya Bharat state, Vindya Pradesh state and Bhopal state into the Madya Pradesh state. Similarly, it merged the Saurashtra state and Kutch state into that of the Bombay state.

The correct answer is Mohan Lal Sukhadia.

Key Points

• Mohan Lal Sukhadia was an Indian politician who served as the Chief Minister of the state of Rajasthan for 17 years from 1954 to 1971.
• He is also known as "Founder of Modern Rajasthan".
• He strongly opposed social evils like casteism and untouchability.
• He raised awareness for a progressive society in Rajasthan.
• He also served as the Governor of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.
• He became the Chief Minister at the age of 38 and was responsible for bringing major reforms and development in Rajasthan.

Additional Information

• Jai Narayan Vyas
  • ​He was the third Chief Minister of Rajasthan from 1951 to 1952 and from 1952 to 1954.
• Tika Ram Paliwal
  • He was the fourth Chief Minister of Rajasthan.
  • Tika Ram Paliwal became the first democratically elected Chief Minister of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly after Jai Narayan Vyas lost in the elections.

The correct answer is Not less than 45.

• Establishment of Lokpal
  • The Lokpal shall consist of
    (a) a Chairperson, who is or has been a Chief Justice of India or is or has been a Judge of the Supreme Court or an eminent person who fulfills the eligibility specified in clause (b) of sub-section (3); and
    (b) such number of Members, not exceeding eight out of whom fifty percent. shall be Judicial Members: Provided that not less than fifty percent. of the Members of the Lokpal shall be from amongst the persons belonging to the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes, Minorities and women.
  • A person shall be eligible to be appointed —
    (a) as a Judicial Member if he is or has been a Judge of the Supreme Court or is or has been a Chief Justice of a High Court;
    (b) as a Member other than a Judicial Member, if he is a person of impeccable integrity and outstanding ability having special knowledge and expertise of not less than twenty-five years in the matters relating to anti-corruption policy, public administration, vigilance, finance including insurance and banking, law and management.
  • The Chairperson or a Member shall not be
    (i) a member of Parliament or a member of the Legislature of any State or Union territory;
    (ii) a person convicted of any offence involving moral turptitude;
    (iii) a person of less than forty-five years of age, on the date of assuming office as the Chairperson or Member, as the case may be;
    (iv) a member of any Panchayat or Municipality;
    (v) a person who has been removed or dismissed from the service of the Union or a State, and shall not hold any office of trust or profit (other than his office as the Chairperson or a Member) or be affiliated with any political party or carry on any business or practise any profession and, accordingly, before he enters upon his office, a person appointed as the Chairperson or a Member, as the case may be, shall, if—
    (a) he holds any office of trust or profit, resign from such office; or
    (b) he is carrying on any business, sever his connection with the conduct and management of such
    business; or
    (c) he is practising any profession, cease to practise such profession.

The correct answer is 1993.

Key Points

• The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India is a Statutory public body constituted on 12 October 1993.
• It is under the Protection of Human Rights Ordinance of 28 September 1993.
• It was given a statutory basis by the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 (PHRA).
• The NHRC is the National Human Rights Commission of India, responsible for the protection and promotion of human rights, defined by the Act as "Rights Relating To Life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants and enforceable by courts in India.".
• It encourages the efforts of NGOs and institutions congress to work in the field of human rights.

Additional Information

• The headquarters of NHRC is Sardar Patel Bhawan, New Delhi, India.
• The chairman of NHRC is Arun Kumar Mishra (August 2021).
• The Secretary-General of NHRC is Jaideep Govind.
• The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) is in Geneva.
• The current High Commissioner of the United Nations Human Rights Commission is Michelle Bachelet of Chile.​​ 

The correct answer is The Supreme Court.

Key Points 

• The Supreme Court of India is called the custodian of the Constitution in India.
• The highest court in India, the Supreme Court is considered as the guardian of the Constitution.
• The conflicts or quarrels of jurisdiction between the central government and the state governments or between the legislature and the executive are decided by the court.
• It upholds and uplifts the rule of law and also ensures and protects citizens’ rights and liberties as given in the Constitution.
• Therefore, the Supreme Court is also known as the Guardian of the Constitution.​

Additional Information 

• The Indian constitution provides for a provision of the Supreme Court under Part V (The Union) and Chapter 6 (The Union Judiciary).
• The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial court and the final court of appeal under the Constitution of India, the highest constitutional court, with the power of judicial review.
• India is a federal state and has a single and unified judicial system with a three-tier structure, i.e. Supreme Court, High Courts, and Subordinate Courts.