Question Discussion & Solution

The correct answer is Karam Shah.

Key Points

• The Pagal Panth was a religious order founded by Karim Shah in the Mymensingh and Sherpur districts of Bengal.
• The philosophy of this Panth was to follow religious harmony and non-violence incorporating tenets of Sufism, Hinduism, and animism.
• Under Karim Shah’s son Tipu Shah, the order revolted against the British government by organizing peasant rebellions. They were against the oppressive tax regime of the British.
• Tipu Shah captured Sherpur in 1825 and ruled over the Sherpur and Mymensingh areas till the 1850s.

Additional Information

• Swami Sahajanand Saraswati was a brilliant intellectual and a striking master of debate. He was a versatile genius performing several roles during his entire working career, such as linguist, polymath, sociologist, historian, philosopher, writer, grammarian, ascetic, revolutionary, Marxist, and politician.
  • Swami Sahajanand formed a smaller Kisan Sabha in the Patna district in association with a formal organizational structure.
  • Later in 1929, he established the Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha (BPKS).
• Bulleh Shah was a Punjabi Muslim Sufi poet, a humanist, and philosopher.
  • His real name was Abdullah Shah.
  • His poetry highlights his mystical spiritual voyage through the four stages of Sufism: Shariat (Path), Tariqat (Observance), Haqiqat (Truth), and Marfat (Union).

• In 1921, Daya Ram Sahni unearthed the civilisation of Harappa in Montgomery district of Punjab province of British India.
• The Vedic name of Ravi river was Parushni.
• Archaeological findings in Harappa were Granaries in a row, Clay figures of Mother Goddess, Copper scale, Stone symbols of Lingam, etc.

The correct answer is A. O. Hume.

Key Points

• The Indian National Congress was formed in 1885 by A.O. Hume, an Englishman, and a retired civil servant. 
  • Indian National Congress was established in 1885.
  • The first session of INC was held at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskriti College in Bombay.
  • It was presided over by Womesh Chandra Banerjee.
  • A.O. Hume never served as president of any INC session. 
• George Yule was a Scottish merchant in England and India who served as the fourth President of the Indian National Congress in 1888 at Allahabad. 
  • He was the first non-Indian to hold that office.
  • He was the founder of George Yule & Co. of London and headed Andrew Yule & Co., of Calcutta. He served as Sheriff of Calcutta and as President of the Indian Chamber of Commerce.
• Sir Henry Cotton belonged to a distinguished family who served India for five generations.
  • His great grandfather Joseph Cotton joined the East India Company's mercantile service in the middle of the 18th century and was a Director of the Company for 28 years.
  • He was the president of the INC session of 1903 at Bombay. 
• Sir William Wedderburn was appointed Acting Judicial Commissioner in Sind and Judge of the Sadar Court in 1874.
  • In 1882 he became the District and Sessions Judge of Poona. At the time of his retirement in 1887, he was the Chief Secretary to the Government of Bombay.
  • He was the president of the INC session: 
    • ​Bombay Session of 1889
    • Allahabad Session of 1910

🔑 Key Points

• The 'Battle of Ten Kings' (Dasarajna Yuddha) is a prominent event mentioned in the Rigveda.
• It was fought between King Sudas of the Tritsu dynasty (a Bharata king) and a confederacy of ten tribes.

The Correct answer is 1859 July 26.

Key Points

•  On July 26 of 1859, Travancore witnessed the first major triumph of the nationwide struggle for female liberation.
• On that day, Travancore Maharaja Aayilyam Thirunal made an official declaration granting lower caste Nadar/Channar women the right to cover their breasts.
• The victory of the Channar Lahala or the Upper Cloth Mutiny (Maaru Marakkal Samaram), after half-a-century of violent struggle, is widely seen as the transformative event that triggered a wave of renaissance movements that shaped modern Kerala.

​Additional Information

• Channar Revolt:
  • The Channar revolt against the British colonial state of Travancore. Channar Lahala or Mura Murakkal Saharam took place in the early 1800s in Travancore, modern day Kerala.
  • It is considered as one of the most important feminine protests in kerala.
  • In nineteenth-century Travancore, it was a socially acceptable norm for women to be seen naked from waist up in public places. Higher caste women like the Nairs (Savarna) were expected to bare their upper bodies only in temples in front of priests, who were considered an authority of god.
  • If any woman disagreed with the practise, they were obliged to pay a ‘breast tax’ or Mula Karam whose amount was determined, quite sickeningly, by the size of their breast
  • Nangeli was the female leader who fought against this practice.
  • She protested against this customs by cutting her own breasts and died in 1803.
  • Kerala historians depicted that Nangeli's life was one woman’s rebellion against oppressive feudalism has been hijacked and repurposed by the patriarchy.
  • Ayya Vaikundar ,a social reformer, led this Channar revolt against the British colonial state of Travancore.