Question Discussion & Solution

The Correct Answer is Option (3) i.e C -

• The most significant feature of Indus Valley civilization was the buildings made of the bricks.
• Indus Valley Civilization is also known as Harappan Civilization, which flourished around 2500 BC in Pakistan and Western India.
• Some of the important Harappan sites are - Harappa (Pakistan), Mohenjodaro (Pakistan), Sutkagendor (Pakistan), Chanhudaro (Pakistan), Kalibangan (Rajasthan), Lothal and Surkotada (Gujarat), Banawali (Haryana), Dholavira (Gujarat), etc
• In 1924, John Marshall, Director-General of Archaeological Society of India (ASI), announced the discovery of a new civilization in the Indus Valley to the World.
• Indus Valley Civilization was the largest of the ancient urban civilization of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, and China.
• ASI was founded by Alexander Cunningham in the year 1861.

Additional Information 

• The Indus Valley Civilization was spread from present-day North-East Afghanistan to Pakistan and North-West India. This civilization flourished in the river basins of the Ghaggar-Hakra river and the Indus. Indus valley civilization is one of the four oldest civilizations in the world. It is also known as Harappan Civilization and is well-known for its organized planning based on the grid system. Important facts to be remembered 
• John Marshall was the first researcher to use the term, ‘Indus Valley Civilization’.
• Indus Valley Civilization spread from the year 2500 – 1750 BC according to radio-carbon dating.
• The most distinctive feature of the Harappan Civilization was its urbanization.
• Moreover, sheep and goats, dogs, humped cattle buffalo, and elephants were domesticated in the Indus Valley Civilization.
• The capital cities are Mohenjodaro and Harappa.
• The port cities are Sutkagendor, Balakot, Lothal, Allahdino, and Kuntasi.
• The Indus valley people were well-acquainted with the use of both cotton and wool.
• Name of the major cities are given below:
  • Mohenjodaro (Sind)-It is located on the right bank of the Indus.
  • Kalibangan (Rajasthan)-It was on the banks of the river Ghaggar river
  • Chanhudaro-It lies on the left bank of the Indus in the south of Mohenjodaro.
  • Lothal- It is located at the head of the Gulf of Cambay.
  • Surkotada (Gujarat)-It is at the head of the Rann of Kutch.
  • Banawali (Haryana)-It was situated on the banks of the now-extinct Sarasvati
  • Dholavira (Gujarat)-It excavated is in the Kutch district

The correct answer is Abdul Gaffar Khan.

Key Points

• George Yule became the president of INC in 1888 (Allahabad).
• He was the founder of George Yule and Co.
• Alfred Webb became the president of INC in 1894 at the Madras session.
• Nawab Syed Mohammed became the president of INC in 1913 (Karachi).

Additional Information

• In 1885, WC Bannerjee became the first president of INC at the Bombay session.
• In 1886, Dadabhai Naroji became the second president of INC at the Calcutta session.
• In 1887, Badruddin Taiyabji became the third president of INC and also became the first Muslim president of INC at Madras Session.

The correct answer is 24.

Key Points

• The national flag has three horizontal stripes of equal proportions in the tricolour -
  • The saffron colour at the top
  • White at the middle 
  • Green at the bottom.
• The length-width ratio of the flag is 3: 2. There is a blue circle in the middle of the white stripe.
• The saffron colour at the top shows the strength and courage of the country.
• The white stripe in the middle is a sign of peace and truth with the Dharma Chakra.
• The green colour signifies the auspiciousness, growth, and fertility of the country.
• Its format is taken from the chakra built on the Lion Pillar of Ashoka in Sarnath.
• Its diameter is approximately equal to the width of the white band and it has 24 spokes.
• The constituent assembly of India adopted the format of the national flag on 22 July 1947.

Additional Information

• The Indian national flag tricolour was designed by Pingali Venkayya.
• The "National Flag" symbolizes the independence and sovereignty of any country.
• In 1947 a committee was formed under the chairmanship of Rajendra Prasad to select the national flag of India.
• The Supreme Court in 2002 declared the right to hoist the flag as a fundamental right under Article 19 (i) (a) of the constitution.

King Ashoka was the only king in the history of the world who gave up conquest after winning the Kalinga war.

• The Kalinga war was fought between Maury Empire and the state of Kalinga which located on the east coast.
• King Ashoka gave up conquest after winning the Kalinga war because he realized the violence, he had done to become a world champion and from that very moment, he decided to walk on a path of non-violence.
• King Ashoka was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty, who ruled from c. 268 to 232 BCE.
• The founder of Maurya Dynasty was the Chandragupta Maurya.

The correct answer is Sawai Jai Singh.

• Sawai Jai Singh translated the Euclid text 'Elements of Geometry in Sanskrit'.
  • He was the son of Vishnu Singh.
  • The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb gave him the title of Sawai.
  • He gave his support to the Mughal emperor Azam in the Jajau war.
  • He participated in the Debari Pact.
  • He built Jantar Mantar in Jaipur in 1728 AD.
  • He founded the city of Jaipur in 1727 AD.
  • He defeated Abhay Singh of Marwar in the Gangwana battle in 1741 AD.
  • Jai Singh Karika text was written by himself.

Key Points

Jantar Mantar

Additional Information

• Ishwari Singh-
  • ​He was the son of Sawai Jai Singh, who became the ruler in 1743 AD.
  • According to the Debari agreement, Madho Singh was about to become the first king, so Madho Singh revolted against Ishwari Singh.
  • He fought the battle of Rajmahal against his brother Madho Singh I in 1747 AD and defeated Madho Singh, on this occasion he built Sargasuli (Isherlat) in Jaipur.
  • He also fought the battle of Bagru with Madho Singh I, Malhar Rao Holkar, Umaid Singh, and Durjan Shal in August 1747 AD and lost this battle.
  • He defeated the army of Ahmad Shah Abdali in the Manpur war in 1748 AD.
  • He committed suicide by jumping from Isherlat in 1750 AD along with his three queens.
• Mansingh I-
  • He was the son of Bhagwantdas.
  • His first coronation was happened in Patna, while his second coronation happened in Amer.
  • He was one of the Navratans of Akbar.
  • The Mughal emperor Akbar gave him the titles of Farzand and Raja.
  • He also received seven thousand Mansabdari from the Akbar.
  • He firstly went for the Ranthambhore campaign in 1569 AD with Akbar.
  • He was the chief commander of Akbar in the Haldighati battle.
• Jagat Singh II-
  • He became ruler after Sawai Pratap Singh.
  • He fought the Gingoli battle with the Jodhpur state due to the Krishna kumari marriage dispute.
  • He did a treaty with the East India Company in 1818 AD.