Question Discussion & Solution

The correct option is 4 i.e. Mesopotamian.

• The seals were invented around 3500 BC in southern Mesopotamia.
• The cylindrical seals were impression stamps, which were quite intricate in design. The images depicted on these seals were mostly theme-driven, often sociological or religious.
• The stamps were known as kinship in Sumerian and murukku in Akkadian.
• Mesopotamia is located in southwest Asia in the Tigris and Euphrates river system.
• It is also known as the cradle of civilisation.
• The major rule was of Sumerians and Akkadian.

The correct answer is Jai Prakash Narayan.

Key Points

• Jai Prakash Narayan:
  • Jayaprakash Narayan, generally referred to as JP or Lok Nayak, was an Indian independence activist, revolutionist, theorist, socialist and political leader.
  • He is better known as the "Hero of Quit India Movement" and he is memorized for leading the mid-1970s opposition against Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, for whose overthrow he had called for a "total revolution".
  • His biography, Jayaprakash, was authored by his nationalist friend and the writer of Hindi literature, Rambriksh Benipuri.
  • In 1999, he was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in the esteem of his social work.
  • Other awards awarded to him were the Magsaysay award for Public Service in 1965.

Additional Information

• Rajendra Prasad:
  • He was the 1st President of Independent India.
  • He joined the organisation in 1911 and a few years later, he met Mahatma Gandhi.
  • He participated in the non-cooperation movement in 1920.
  • He took an active part in the rehabilitation work after the 1914 floods and the 1934 earthquake in Bihar.
  • Dr Prasad became the Congress president in 1934 at its Bombay session.
  • He was chosen president once again in 1939.
  • He spent almost 3 years in jail after the Quit India Movement.
• Braj Kishore:
  • Brajkishore Prasad was a lawyer inspired by Mohandas Gandhi during the Indian Independence Movement.
  • He was instrumental in Gandhi taking up the Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha, in which Gandhi handpicked Rajendra Prasad and Anugrah Narayan Sinha along with him to successfully lead the movement.
  • Gandhi was so impressed by Prasad's dedication that he set aside a full chapter on him in his autobiographical book, The Story of My Experiments with Truth, called "The Gentle Bihari".
• Sri Krishna Sinha:
  • He was the 1st Chief Minister of Bihar.
  • He was known as “Babu Kesari” for his lionlike roars when he rose to address the masses.
  • His close friend and prominent Gandhian, Dr Anugrah Narayan Singh wrote an essay for him titled “Mere Shri Babu”.
  • He wrote –  “ Since 1921, the history of Bihar has been the history of life”.

The correct answer is Khilji.

Important Points

•  Hence the Khilji Dynasty ruled for the shortest.

Additional Information

• Lodhi dynasty from 1451 to 1526 AD (75 Year).
• Longest duration-Tughlaq Dynasty.
• Shortest duration-Khilji Dynasty.

Key Points

• Gopala was the first ruler of the Pala Dynasty.
• Pala Dynasty was originated in the region of Bengal during the Late Classical Period of the Indian historical era.
• Palas followed the Mahayana and Tantric schools of Buddhism.
• It was founded by Gopala in 750CE.
• He was succeeded by Dharmapala.

Additional Information

• Mahendra Pala: Mahendrapal was the fourth king of the Pala dynasty of the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent. He was the son of Devpala.
• Dharmapala: He was the second ruler of the Pala Empire of Bengal and Bihar regions in the Indian subcontinent. He was the son and successor of Gopal, the founder of the Pala dynasty.

The correct answer is Sutta pitaka.

Key Points

• The main teaching or Dhamma of Buddha is mentioned in Sutta Pitaka which is divided into five Nikayas or collections:
  • Digha Nikaya
  • Majjhima Nikaya
  • Samyutta Nikaya
  • Anguttara Nikaya
  • Khuddaka Nikaya

Additional Information

• Tripitaka is a Sanskrit word meaning 'Three Basket'.
• The most important lessons of Buddhism are mentioned in Tripitakas written in the Pali language. They are:
  • Sutta Pitaka
  • Vinaya Pitaka
  • Abhidhamma Pitaka
• Dipavamsa - It contains the history of the Island when Buddhism was expanded in Sri Lanka.
• Dhammasangani - It contains the summary of Buddhism.
• Manu Smriti - It means 'Laws of Manu' and contains the religious instructions for the Hindus.