Question Discussion & Solution

The correct answer is Mohenjodaro

• The Indus Civilization was mainly spread over Sindh, Baluchistan, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Western U.P and Northern Maharashtra.
•  Historians generally believe that the Harappa-Ghaggar-Mohenjodaro axis represents the heartland of the Indus Civilization.
• Mohenjodaro (Nakhlistan i.e Oasis of Sindh) developed in the valley of river Indus, in the Larkana district of Sindh in Pakistan was excavated by Rakhal Das Bannerji (1922), Mackay (1927), Wheeler (1930).

Key Points

• The Indus Valley Civilization was spread from present-day North-East Afghanistan to Pakistan and North-West India. The civilization flourished in the river basins of the Ghaggar-Hakra river and the Indus. Indus valley civilization is one of the four oldest civilizations in the world. It is also known as Harappan Civilization and is well-known for its organized planning based on the grid system. Important facts to be remembered.
• John Marshall was the first researcher to use the term, ‘Indus Valley Civilization’.
• Indus Valley Civilization spread from the year 2500 – 1750 BC according to radio-carbon dating.
• The most distinctive feature of the Harappan Civilization was its urbanization.
• Moreover, sheep and goats, dogs, humped cattle buffalo, and elephants were domesticated in the Indus Valley Civilization.
• The capital cities are Mohenjodaro and Harappa.
• The port cities are Sutkagendor, Balakot, Lothal, Allahdino, and Kuntasi.
• The Indus valley people were well-acquainted with the use of both cotton and wool.

Additional Information

• Name of the major cities are given below:
  • Mohenjodaro (Sind)-It is located on the right bank of the Indus.
  • Kalibangan (Rajasthan)-It was on the banks of the river Ghaggar river.
  • Chanhudaro - It lies on the left bank of the Indus in the south of Mohenjodaro.
  • Lothal(Gujarat) - It is located at the head of the Gulf of Cambay.
  • Surkotada (Gujarat) - It is at the head of the Rann of Kutch.
  • Banawali (Haryana) - It was situated on the banks of the now-extinct Sarasvati.
  • Dholavira (Gujarat) - It excavated is in the Kutch district.
• Social features-
  • Indus valley civilization is the first urbanization in India.
  • It has a well-planned drainage system, grid pattern, and town planning.
  • They have possessed equality in society.
• Religious Facts-
  • Matridevi or Shakti is the Mother goddess.
  • Yoni worship and Nature worship existed.
  • They worshipped trees like Peepal.
  • People also worshipped Fire worship called Havan Kund.
  • Pashupati Mahadeva is known as the lord of Animals.
  • The people of the Indus Valley Civilization worshipped Animal worship like unicorns and ox.
• Economic facts-
  • Indus valley civilization is based on agriculture.
  • Trade and commerce flourished in this period.
  • A dockyard has been found at Lothal.
  • There were export and import.
  • Production of cotton was there.
  • There was also the unit of measurement.
  • Weights and measures of truth that existed in Harappan culture were seen at Lothal.
  • The weights were made of limestone, steatite, etc. and were usually cubical in shape.

The correct answer is Jaipur.

•  The First Prajamandal movement in Rajasthan was founded in 1931 by Anjulal Sethi and Kapur Chand Patni.

Key Points

• Prajamandal was established to fight against colonialism and feudalism.
• The establishment of democratic rights for all was the primary demand.
• Under this constructive works were organized in princely states like establishing schools, using Khadi, and agitating against untouchability. 
• It was founded by Anjulal Sethi and Kapur Chand Patni in 1931 for the first time ever in Rajasthan.
  • It was again founded later by Jamnalal Bajaj and Hiralal Shastri in 1938.

Additional Information

The correct answer is Lala Hansraj.

Key Points

• Anglo Vedic college or schools are also known as Dayanand Anglo Vedic schools.
• Dayanand Anglo Vedic (DAV) Schools were founded in 1886 at Lahore by the efforts of Mahatma Hansraj.

Confusion Points

• It was not founded by Swamy Dayanand Saraswati
• In the name and memory of Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Lala Hans Raj established it.
• The schools were run by the Dayanand Anglo-Vedic College Trust & Management Society, also known as the Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Education Society.
• DAV institutions are the best place to study and work together.
• Under the DAV family, there are 900 schools, 75 colleges, and a university.
• “DAV Movement” founded in 1886 by Lala Lajpat Rai(Father of DAV Movement) picked up momentum due to the arduous efforts of Mahatma Hans Raj, Pandit Gurudutt Vidyarthi and may other dedicated as the Arya Samaj activist. 

The correct answer is 1820 - 1827 A. D.

Key Points

• Major general Sir Thomas Munro was a Scottish soldier who was appointed the governor of Madras in 1820.
• He served till his death from cholera in 1827.
• He also served as an army officer in the East India Company.

Important Points

• He is behind the drafting of education policy for the Madras Presidency and the introduction of the Ryotwari system in Southern India. Ryotwari system was a system introduced by him to collect land revenue.
• According to this, peasants were the owner of the land and they had all the rights to sell or mortgage the land.
• The tax rate for dry land was 50% and wetland was 60% and if they failed to pay these taxes they were convicted by the government.
• The reason for introducing this system was to eliminate the role of middlemen as was in the zamindari system but it came up with the problem of moneylenders as they further burdened the peasants with their high-interest rates. 

The correct answer is Mahavamsa

• History of Buddhist Snaga which is a part of Mahavamsa contains text about Ashoka.
• Mahavamsa is written in the form of poem, which is divided into 4 parts. 

Ashoka:

• Ashoka is referred as Buddhsakya in Maski Inscription and Dharmakosa in his Sarnath Inscription.
• He was known as Devampiya i.e. beloved oof Goda, and as Piyadassi i.e. of pleasing appearance.
• Ashoka believed in the policy of Dhamma.
• Ashoka's visit to Lumbini and exemption of Lumbini from tax was mentioned in Rumminidei Pillar Inscription.
• The Kandhar Inscription speaks about the success of his policy with the hunters and fishermen.
• Nigalisagar Pillar Inscription: It mentions that Ashoka increased the height of the stupa of Buddha Konakamana to its double size.